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  The applicability of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) as a substitute for nitrogen fertilizer

  Min-Suk Kim, Hyungi Min, Sun-Hee Hong, Jeong-Gyu Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.1, 1-5

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.1.06

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Burcucumber(Sicyos angulatus L.) is an invasive plant species and disturbs ecosystems in Korea. The main method for prevention of burcucumber is cutting or pulling out. However, the studies accounting for the use of the by-product of burcucumber after cutting remain incomplete. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of burcucumber as a substitute for nitrogen fertilizer.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Burcucmber plants only including stem, leaves, and petiole were collected from the Sky Park in Seoul and divided in to three categories based on the length of stem of burcucumber; 10-30 cm, 30-100 cm, and 100-200 cm. And they were input into soil with 20 kg-N/10 a. After 4 weeks aging, chemical properties of treated soils and the productivity of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) were examined. Both the inorganic nitrogen contents in soils and the growth of lettuce were increased with the decreases in length of burcucumber standing for young plant. And the inorganic nitrogen content and the productivity of lettuce were positively correlated(r= 0.9409).

  CONCLUSION:

  The C/N ratio of burcucumber was low, indicating fast decomposition and nitrogen supplying rate, resulting in the increase in lettuce growth. Burcucumber could be a good substitute for nitrogen organic fertilizer.

• Download80

  A Research of Soil Environmental Health in Urban Garden, Gwangju

  Gil-Sik Jang, Yun-Hee Kim, Young-Seop Choi, Seung-Ho Kim, Jong-Min Kim, Seok-Jin Bae, Young-Gwan Cho, Tae-Hyoung Koo / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 87-96

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.14

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil quality to cultivate crops in urban garden.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  During the period of six month from March to August 2015, measured eight heavy metals, seven Organic items and Fluorine on seventeen urban sites and thirty-one suburban sites in Gwangju city.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  The average concentration and range of heavy metal in soil are 0.15 mg/kg(ND-0.6) for Cd, 14.9 mg/kg(1.5-33.3) for Cu, 4.4 mg/kg(0.4-71.8) for As, 0.05 mg/kg(ND-1.366) for Hg, 24.7 mg/kg(13.1-62.7) for Pb, 102.5 mg/kg(49.1-276.4) for Zn and 9.2 mg/kg(ND-90.1) for Ni but Cr⁶⁺ is not detected. The average value and range of soil fertility items are 253.5mg/kg(76.6-1766.0) for fluorine, 6.4(4.8-7.7) for pH, 20.3 g/kg(5.0-44.0) for orangic matters, 562.7 mg/kg (28.0-1672.0) for available phosphate, 0.6 cmol⁺/kg (0.1-2.3) for K, 9.7 cmol⁺/kg (2.7-22.0) for Ca, 3.0 cmol⁺/kg (0.9-7.4) for Mg, 1.0 ds/m(0.2-2.9) for conductivity. The concentration of Hg in Suburban area is 0.005 mg/kg lower than 0.134 mg/kg in urban area. Also, the concentration of As, Cd, Ni and Zn is lower than urban area as 32%, 37%, 51%, 71% respectively.

  CONCLUSION:

  According to SPI index of soil contamination, 39 sites are first degree and 8 sites are second degree and 1 site(41th) is fourth degree. Pb and Cd are not detected and As is detected tiny amounts in plants grown polluted soil, so heavy metals have not moved to plants.

• Download49

  Desalinization Effect of Off-season Crop Cultivation in Long-term Oriental Melon Cultivated Plastic Film House Soils

  Il-Su Byeon, Jong-Bae Chung / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2015 / v.34, no.4, 253-259

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2015.34.4.39

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  During the off-season, the cultivation of Chinese cabbage and water dropwort is often used to desalinize plastic film house soils. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of double-cropping systems on the salt removal in oriental melon cultivated plastic film house soils.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Electrical conductivity (EC) and soluble salt contents were measured in soils collected from plastic film houses of oriental melon cultivation before and after the off-season crop cultivation. Also the same measurements were performed in the next oriental melon season to estimate the desalinization effect of double-cropping systems. During the cultivation of Chinese cabbage under open-field condition, EC_e of surface soil was reduced from 6.0 to 0.8 dS/m. Double-cropping of water dropwort in flooded soil was also efficient in removing the salts accumulated during oriental melon cultivation. In the house soils where salts were removed during the off-season crop cultivation, soil EC_e was maintained below 3 dS/m during the next oriental melon cultivation season.

  CONCLUSION:

  The off-season cropping under open-field or flooded condition was effective in desalinization of plastic film house soils. Since the salt removal effect is not expected to last for several years, the double-cropping system should be introduced every season to maintain soil EC below the critical level.

• Download43

  Free Amino Acid Composition of Korean Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Cultivars as Influenced by Different Harvesting Time

  Young-Eun Yoon, Saranya Kuppusamy, Song Yeob Kim, Jang Hwan Kim, Yong Bok Lee / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 104-110

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.21

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  There is lack of comprehensive compositional data of the amino acid profile of spinach with regard to different cultivars. A more detailed knowledge in this aspect will be of benefit in the future selection of spinach genotypes with improved nutritional quality.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  The effects of cultivar type (Jeoncheonhu, Sagyejul, Namdongcho and Mustang) and harvest time (79^th, 116^th and 145^th days after sowing or DAS) on the concentrations of free amino acids in field-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were examined. About 35 different free amino acids were detected and quantified by the amino acid analyzer. Glutamic acid and proline were identified as the major amino acids, while α -aminoadipic acid and α-aminobutyric acid were present in much lower concentrations. Spinach constituted 1468.4 mg/100 g total free amino acids (TAA), of which essential amino acids, neutral/acidic amino acids and sulphur containing amino acids constituted around 15, 45 and 2% of the TAA, respectively. The most limiting amino acids among the leafy vegetables – cysteine was recorded only in Mustang harvested at 116 DAS. Free amino acid contents did not differ significantly among the spinach cultivars and also at different harvest times.

  CONCLUSION:

  The data show that, either of the spinach cultivars, preferably Mustang harvested on or after 116 DAS can serve as a significant source of nutritionally relevant amino acids to meet the demand of the growing populations.

• Download42

  Effect of Carbonized Biomass Derived from Pruning on Soil Carbon Pools in Pear Orchard

  Sun-il Lee, Jong-sik Lee, Gun-yeob Kim, Eun-jung Choi, Sang-uk Suh, Un-Sung Na / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.3, 159-165

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.3.26

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount.

  CONCLUSION:

  Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

• Download41

  Effect of Phyllite Application on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil, Growth and Inorganic Nutrient Uptake of Crops

  Hyun-Tae Kim, Se-Won Kang, Dong-Cheol Seo, Sung-Dong Moon, Ju-Sik Cho / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 97-103

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.20

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Clay mineral is well known to improve physico-chemical of soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics and inorganic nutrient contents of crops with application levels of phyllite.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Both young radish and lettuce were selected as target crops for this study. The experiment was conducted in a wagner pot(1/5000a) in glass house at Sunchon National University. Treatment conditions were divided P0NPK(No phyllite + NPK), P5NPK(phyllite 5 Mg/ha + NPK), P10NPK(phyllite 10 Mg/ha + NPK) and P15NPK(phyllite 15 Mg/ha + NPK) by crops, respectively. Bulk density and porosity of soil in control without treatment conditions were ranged from 1.02 ∼1.04 g/cm³ and 56.5∼57.0%, respectively, and those for treatments with phyllite were in the ranged from 0.94∼1.00 g/cm³ and 58.4∼63.5%, respectively. Dry weights of young radish and lettuce were higher in P15NPK treatment than those in other treatments. The amounts of T-N, T-P and K uptake in young radish with phyllite application treatments were increased 36∼115, 18∼67 and 20∼76% than without phyllite application treatment, respectively. In lettuce treatments, amounts of T-N, T-P and K uptake were intended to all tested treatments similar with result of young radish treatment.

  CONCLUSION:

  Therefore, these results confirm that phyllite application to the soil improves physico-chemical of soil in addition to improving growth of young radish and lettuce.

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  Monitoring of Pesticides in the Yeongsan and Seomjin River Basin

  Young-Jun Lee, Jeong-Heui Choi, Sang Don Kim, Hee-Jung Jung, Hyung-Jin Lee, Jae-Han Shim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2015 / v.34, no.4, 274-281

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2015.34.4.37

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  A lasting release of low levels of persistence chemicals including pesticides and pharmaceuticals into river has a bad influence on aquatic ecosystems and humans. The present study monitored pesticide residues in the Yeongsan and Seomjin river basins and their tributaries as a fundamental study for water quality standard of pesticides.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Nine pesticides(aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, MCPA, methomyl, metolachlor, and molinate) were determined from water samples using SPE-Oasis HLB(pH 2) and LC/MS/MS. Validation of the method was conducted through matrix-matched internal calibration curve, method detection limit(MDL), limit of quantification(LOQ), accuracy, precision, and recovery. MDLs of all pesticides satisfied the GV/10 values. Linearity(r²) was 0.9965- 0.9999, and a percentage of accuracy, precision, and recovery was 89.4-113.6%, 3.1-14.0%, and 90.8-106.2%, respectively. All pesticides exclusive of aldicarb were determined in the river samples, and there was a connection between the positive monitoring results and agricultural use of the pesticides.

  CONCLUSION:

  Monitoring outcomes of the present study implied that pesticides were a possible non-point pollutant source in the Yeongsan and Seomjin river basins and tributaries. Therefore, it is required to produce and accumulate more monitoring results on pesticides in river waters to set water quality standards, finally to preserve aquatic ecosystems.

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  Phytoremediation Potential of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), Mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), and Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) in Arsenic-contaminated Soil

  M. Uddin Nizam, M. Wahid-U-Zzaman, M. Mokhlesur Rahman, Jang-Eok Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 111-120

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.15

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Arsenic (As)-contaminated groundwater used for long-term irrigation has emerged as a serious problem by adding As to soils. Phytoremediation potential of fiber crops viz., kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), and jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) was studied to clean up As-contaminated soil.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Varieties of three fiber crops were selected in this study. Seeds of kenaf, mesta, and jute varieties were germinated in As-contaminated soil. Uptake of As by shoot was significantly higher than that by root in the contaminated soil. In As-contaminated soil, kenaf and mesta varieties accumulated more As, than did jute varieties. In the plant parts above ground, mainly the shoots, the highest As absorption was recorded in kenaf cv. HC-3, followed by kenaf cv. HC-95. Kenaf varieties produced more biomass. In terms of higher plant biomass production, and As absorption, kenaf varieties showed considerable potential to remediate As-contaminated soil.

  CONCLUSION:

  The overall As absorption and phytoremediation potentiality of plant varieties were in the order of kenaf cv. HC-3 > kenaf cv. HC-95 > mesta cv. Samu-93 > jute cv. CVE-3 > jute cv. BJC-7370. All varieties of kenaf, mesta, and jute could be considered for an appropriate green plant-based remediation technology in As-contaminated soil.

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  Pollutant Runoff Reduction Efficiency of Surface Cover, Vegetative Filter Strip and Vegetated Ridge for Korean Upland Fields: A Review

  Se-In Park, Hyun-Jin Park, Hye In Yang, Han-Yong Kim, Kwang-Sik Yoon, Woo-Jung Choi / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2018 / v.37, no.3, 151-159

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2018.37.3.21

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  In this review paper, the effects of surface cover (SCV), vegetative filter strip (VFS), and vegetated ridge (VRD) on the pollutant runoff from steep-sloping uplands were analyzed to compare the pollutant reduction efficiency in runoff (PRE_runoff) of the practices and to investigate how slope and rainfall parameters affect the PRE_runoff.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  The PRE_runoff of SCV, VFS, and VRD for pollutants including suspended solids and biological oxygen demand was compared by analysis of variance. The effect of slope and rainfall parameters on the PRE_runoff was explored by either mean comparison or regression analysis. It was found that the PRE_runoff differs with the practices due to different pollutant reduction mechanisms of the practices. Though the PRE_runoff was likely to be affected by site condition such as slope and rainfall (amount and intensity), more comprehensive understanding was not possible due to the limited data set.

  CONCLUSION:

  The PRE_runoff of SCV, VFS, and VRD differed due to the distinctive mechanisms of pollutant removal of the practices. It is necessary to accumulate experimental data across a variety of gradient of slope and rainfall for comprehensive understanding of the effects of the practices on pollutant runoff from steep-sloping uplands.

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  Monitoring of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Soils using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

  Young-Jun Lee, Jeong-Heui Choi, Hyung Suk Chung, Han Sol Lee, Byung-Jun Park, Jang-Eok Kim, Jae-Han Shim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.3, 166-174

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.3.29

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  The current study developed a monitoring method of 6 veterinary antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline) in agricultural soils using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization mode.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Sample preparation was carried out using acidic acetonitrile and citrate salts followed by purification with dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE). Separation on Eclipse Plus C₁₈ column was conducted in gradient of the mobile phase, 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in methanol (A) and 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in distilled water (B). The linearity of the matrix-matched calibrations expressed as the coefficient of determination was good with R²≥0.9900. The limit of quantifications (LOQs) ranged from 0.5 to 10 μg/kg for all analytes. Analysis of 51 agricultural soil samples taken in the Republic of Korea revealed concentrations less than 1.9 μg/kg for enrofloxacin, 75.5 μg/kg for chlortetracycline.

  CONCLUSION:

  The method was successfully applied to monitor 6 veterinary antibiotics from 51 field incurred agricultural soil samples in 17 provincial areas throughout the Republic of Korea. The developed method was simple, easy, and versatile and can be used for monitoring various veterinary antibiotics in soil.

• Download28

  The Effect of Bottom ash in Reducing Cadmium Phytoavailability in Cadmium-contaminated Soil

  Sung Un Kim, Yong Gyun Kim, Sang Mong Lee, Hyean Cheal Park, Keun Ki Kim, Hong Joo Son, Sung Wook Yun, Sang Yoon Kim, Chang Oh Hong / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 152-157

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.19

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Since bottom ash (BA) contains considerable amounts of CaO and MgO, it could be a useful amendment to increase soil pH and to immobilize cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to evaluate effect of BA application in reducing Cd phytoavailability.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Bottom ash was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha to Cd contaminated soil, and then lettuce was cultivated under field condition. soil pH and net negative charge increased slightly with increasing BA application; however, there was no statistical difference among the rates. Water soluble, exchangeable+acidic, reducible, and oxidizable fraction of Cd decreased with increasing bottom ash application rate, whereas residual fraction of Cd increased with increasing bottom ash application rate. Lettuce yield increased with rate of bottom ash up to 40 kg/ha. Visual evidences of cadmium toxicity and growth inhibition were not found during lettuce cultivation.

  CONCLUSION:

  Bottom ash was effective to reduce phytoextractability of Cd and to increase lettuce yield. Conclusively, BA could be a good soil amendment to reduce Cd phytoavailability in contaminated arable soil.

• Download28

  Effects of Compost Application and Plastic Mulching on Soil Carbon Sequestration in Upland Soil

  Jum-Soon Kang, Jeong-Min Suh, Hyun-Moo Shin, Jae-Hwan Cho, Chang-Oh Hong / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2013 / v.32, no.4, 260-267

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2013.32.4.260

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  In most studies, soil carbon sequestration has been evaluated simply with change of soil organic carbon content. So far, information regarding stability of soil organic carbon is limited.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  This study was conducted to determine changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stability of carbon in response to compost application rates and plastic mulching treatment during the hot pepper growing season. Under the pot experiment condition, compost was mixed with an arable soil at rates corresponding to 0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg/ha. To determine effects of plastic mulching on soil carbon sequestration, plastic mulching and no mulching treatments were set up in soils amended with the application rate of 20 Mg/ha. The SOC content did not significantly increase with application of compost and plastic mulching at harvest time. No significant changes in bulk density with compost application and plastic mulching was found. These might result from short duration of experiment. While hot water extractable organic carbon content significantly decreased with compost application and plastic mulching, humic substances increased. Belowground biomass of hot pepper was biggest at the recommended application rate (20 Mg/ha) of compost.

  CONCLUSION:

  From the above results, continuous application of compost at the recommended application rate could improve increase in SOC content and stability of carbon in long term aspect.

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  Effect of Phosphate Application on Cadmium Extractability and its Uptake by Rice Cultivated in Contaminated Paddy Soil

  Hyun Ho Lee, Keun Ki Kim, Yong Bok Lee, Youn Sig Kwak, Suk Chul Kim, Sang-beom Lee, Chang Ki Shim, Chang Oh Hong / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.4, 235-240

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.4.35

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  To determine effect of phosphate (P) application on Cadmium (Cd) extractability and its uptake by rice plant in Cd contaminated paddy soil, dipotassium (K₂HPO₄) which was the most effective of P materials to decrease Cd extractability in previous study was selected as P fertilizer.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Dipotassium phosphate was applied at the rates of 0, 78, 234, and 390 kg P₂O₅/ha, and then rice was cultivated in submerged paddy soil from Jun. to Oct. in 2015. Cadmium concentrations in grain, straw, and root of rice plant decreased significantly with increasing application rate of K₂HPO₄. The trend of 1 M NH₄OAc extractable Cd concentration in soil was similar to that of Cd uptake by rice plant. One M NH₄OAc extractable Cd concentration was negatively related to soil pH and negative charge. Alleviation of Cd phytoavailability of rice in paddy soil might be attributed to increase in pH and negative charge of soil. Using a quadratic response model, amount of grain yield were related to K₂HPO₄ application rates as Grain yield = 5.38 + 2.39 ×10^-3 K₂HPO₄ – 6.65 × 10^-6 K₂HPO₄ ² (model R² = 0.968). Using this equations, the greatest grain yield (5.6 Mg/ha) was at the rate of 180 kg P₂O₅/ha. At this application rate of P, the Cd concentration in grain was 0.53 mg/kg, implying ca. 23% lower than the control.

  CONCLUSION:

  From the view point of heavy metal safety and crop productivity, it might be good P management to apply P fertilizer with 4 times higher rate than recommendation (45 kg/ha).

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  The Applicability of the Acid Mine Drainage Sludge in the Heavy Metal Stabilization in Soils

  Min-Suk Kim, Hyungi Min, Byeongjoo Lee, Sein Chang, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Namin Koo, Jeong-Sik Park, Gwan-In Bak / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2014 / v.33, no.2, 78-85

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2014.33.2.78

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Recent studies using various industrial wastes for heavy metal stabilization in soil were conducted in order to find out new alternative amendments. The acid mine drainage sludge(AMDS) contains lots of metal oxides(hydroxides) that may be useful for heavy metal stabilization not only waste water treatment but also soil remediation. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of acid mine drainage sludge for heavy metals stabilization in soils

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Alkali soil contaminated with heavy metals was collected from the agricultural soils affected by the abandoned mine sites nearby. Three different amounts(1%, 3%, 5%) of AMDS were applied into control soil and contaminated soil. For determining the changes in the extractable heavy metals, CaCl₂ and Mehlich-3 were applied as chemical assessments for metal stabilization. For biological assessments, lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) and chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa var. glabra) were cultivated and accumulation of heavy metals on each plant were determined. It was revealed that AMDS reduced heavy metal mobility and bioavailability in soil, which resulted in the decreases in the accumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in each plant.

  CONCLUSION:

  Though the high level of heavy metal concentrations in AMDS, any considerable increase in the heavy metal availability was not observed with control and contaminated soil. In conclusion, these results indicated that AMDS could be applied to heavy metal contaminated soil as an alternative amendments for reducing heavy metal mobility and bioavailability.

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  Changes in the Organic Compound Contents of the Pear Rootstocks Pyrus calleryana and Pyrus betulaefolia Affected by Excessive Soil Moisture

  KyungHo Won, Yoon-Kyeong Kim, Kyeong-Bok Ma, Il-Sheob Shin, Ug-Yong Lee, Byul-Ha-Na Lee, Jin-Ho Choi, In-Bok Lee, Myung-Su Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.3, 175-183

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.3.22

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  There’s a long rainy season during the Summer in Northeast Asia, including Korea. Heavy rainfall during this season causes harm to tree’s root, and damped injury in the pear has been continuously reported. Pear Research Institute is breeding damp resistant rootstocks and investigating their mechanisms to relieve damped damages in the pear.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Seedlings of Pyrus betulaefolia and P. calleryana were divided into two groups: control and damped, respectively. Damped group was treated by constant irrigation for 77 days and control group was maintained to keep the soil moisture pressure between 0 and –10 kPa. After the treatment, we analysed trees’ growth rate, chlorophyll content, amino acids and total phenolic compounds. As a result, P. betulaefolia was sensitive to damped treatment while P. calleryana did not have significant differences between the control and damped treatment. It was observed that total contents for phenolic compounds were dramatically increased in P. betulaefolia while trees’ growth rate, chlorophyll b and general amino acid contents were lowered by damping treatment.

  CONCLUSION:

  In some pear cultivars, growth habit is suppressed by damped damage. Pyrus calleryana displayed tolerances to damped damage in growth rate and some organic compound contents compared to P. betulaefolia. So we recommend to exploit P. calleryana as a pear rootstock rather than using P. betulaefolia.

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  Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Residues in Greenhouse Soil and Strawberry Organochlorine Pesticides

  Sung-Jin Lim, Young-Tak Oh, You-Sung Jo, Jin-Ho Ro, Geun-Hyoung Choi, Ji-Yeon Yang, Byung-Jun Park / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.1, 6-14

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.1.05

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effect to human health and the environment. They were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention. Greenhouse strawberry is economic crop in agriculture, and its cultivation area and yield has been increased. Therefore, we tried to investigate the POPs residue in greenhouse soil and strawberry.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Extraction and clean-up method for the quantitative analysis of OCPs was developed and validated by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD). The clean-up method was established using the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe(QuEChERS) method for OCPs in soil and strawberry. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and recovery rates of OCPs in greenhouse soil and strawberry were 0.9-6.0 and 0.6-0.9 μg/kg, 74.4-115.6 and 75.6-88.4%, respectively. The precision was reliable sincerelative standard deviation (RSD) percentage (0.5-3.7 and 2.9-5.2%) was below 20, which was the normal percent value. The residue of OCPs in greenhouse soil was analyzed by the developed method, and dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were detected at 1.6-23, 2.2-28.4 and 1.8-118.6 μg/kg, respectively. Those in strawberry were not detected in all samples.

  CONCLUSION:

  Dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in a part of investigated greenhouse soil were detected. But those were not detected in investigated greenhouse strawberry. These results showed that the residue in greenhouse soil were lower level than bioaccumulation occurring.

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  Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea

  Kwang-Jin Cho, Myung-Hyun Kim, Min-Kyeong Kim, Young-Eun Na, Young-Ju Oh, Lak-Jung Choe / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2014 / v.33, no.2, 86-102

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2014.33.2.86

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  According to the types of human interference, there are various plants that have strong vitality and ability to breed in the dry field. Recently, climate change alters the geographical distribution and phenology of the plant species. So, we need to understand present occurrence pattern and ecological characteristics of these plants.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  The plant species data were obtained from 8 regions in Jeolla-do. Flora investigation was done from May 2013 to September 2013. Habitat type of dry field in Jeolla-do was classified into 3 types (inside of dry field: IDF, embankment around the end of a dry field: EDF, levee slope of dry field: LS). The vascular plants of study area were listed 296 taxa which contain 68 families, 203 genera, 244 species, 43 varieties and 9 forms. The vascular plants of three different habitat types were IDF 174 taxa, EDF 249 taxa and LS 136 taxa. The occurrence rate of Therophyte was arranged by the order of IDF(67.6%), EDF(51.9%), LS(54.3%). Naturalized rate was analysed as IDF 27.9%, EDF 21.0%, LS 18.6%. Urbanization index was analysed as IDF 11.8%, EDF 13.7%, LS 10.0%.

  CONCLUSION:

  With these results, we found that three habitat types were ecological difference affected by the human impacts. Also, we found environmental indicators through the ecological characteristics of flora for the type of habitat of dry field. These indicators will help assess the agriculture environmental variability and the floral change according to the climate change in dry field.

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  Compositions and Contents Anthocyanins in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Varieties

  Min-Ki Lee, Heon-Woong Kim, Seon-Hye Lee, Young Jin Kim, Hwan-Hee Jang, Hyun-Ah Jung, Yu-Jin Hwang, Jeong-Sook Choe, Jung-Bong Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.3, 184-190

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.3.25

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Anthocyanins, potential health-promoting compounds, were major natural pigment in the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this study was to investigate anthocyanin glycosides in the blueberry varieties.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  A total of seventeen anthocyanins were identified from highbush blueberry using HPLC (representatives, 530 nm) and ESI-MS in positive ion mode. The individual anthocyanins are containing cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin moieties which are acylated with aliphatic acid (acetic acid) and conjugated with sugar moieties (arabinose, galactose, and glucose). Among them, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside (D3Ga), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) + malvidin 3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) were major compounds in varieties. Total anthocyanins were found the highest level in 'Elizabeth' (1,406.3 mg/100 g dry weight) which was 3-fold higher than ‘Darrow’ (465.7). Especially, D3Ga was presented the 32% of total anthocyanins followed by Pn3G + M3Ga (20%) in ‘Elizabeth’.

  CONCLUSION:

  This result was showed as valuable information regarding nutritional properties of the different varieties of the highbush blueberry.

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  Adsorption Characteristics of Aqueous Ammonium Using Rice hull-Derived Biochar

  Yong-Su Choi, Joung-Du Shin, Sun-Il Lee, Sung-Chul Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2015 / v.34, no.3, 155-160

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2015.34.3.25

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND

  Objective of this study was to investigate adsorption characteristics of NH₄-N to biochar produced from rice hull in respective to mitigation of greenhouse gases.

  METHODS AND RESULTS

  NH₄-N concentration was analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. For adsorption experiment of NH₄-N to biochar, input amount of biochar was varied from 0.4 to 10 g/L with 30 mg/L NH₄-N solution. Its adsorption characteristic was investigated with application of Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption amount and removal rates of NH₄-N were decreased at 53.9% and increased at 20.2% with 10 g/L compared to 0.4 g/L, respectively. The sorption of NH₄-N to biochar produced from rice hull was fitted well by a Langmuir model. The largest adsorption amount of NH₄-N (q_m) and binding strength constant (b) were calculated as 0.4980 mg/g, and 0.0249 L/mg, respectively. It was observed that dimensionless constant (R_L) was 0.58.

  CONCLUSION

  It was indicated that biochar produced from rice hull is favorably absorbed NH₄-N, because this value lie within 0<R_L<1.

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  Effects of Substrate to Inoculum Ratio on Biochemical Methane Potential in Thermal Hydrolysate of Poultry Slaughterhouse Sludge

  Seung-Yong Oh, Young-Man Yoon / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2016 / v.35, no.2, 121-127

  http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.2.12

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  BACKGROUND:

  Anaerobic digestion is the most feasible technology because not only the energy embedded in organic matters can be recovered, but also they are stabilized while being degraded. This study carried out to improve methane yield of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake by the thermal pre-treatment prior to anaerobic digestion.

  METHODS AND RESULTS:

  Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake was pre-treated by the closed hydrothermal reactor at reaction temperature of 190℃. BMPs (Biochemical methane potential) of the thermal hydrolysate was tested in the different S(Substrate)/I(Inoculum) ratio conditions. COD(Chemical oxygen demand) and SCOD(Soluble chemical oxygen demand) contents of thermal hydrolysate were 10.99% and 10.55%, respectively, then, the 96.00% of COD was remained as a soluble form. The theoretical methane potential of thermal hydrolysate was 0.51 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added. And BMPs were decreased from 0.56 to 0.22 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 in the VS content basis. Those were decreased from 0.32 to 0.13 Nm³ kg^-1-COD_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 based on COD content. The anaerobic degradability of VS basis have showed 196.9%, 102.2%, 80.7%, 67.4%, and 39.4% in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. Also the COD of 119.6%, 76.3%, 70.1%, 69.0%, and 43.1% were degraded anaerobically in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively.

  CONCLUSION:

  BMPs obtained in the S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3 was overestimated by the residual organic matters remaining at the inoculum. And inhibitory effect was observed in the highest S/I ratio of 2.0. The optimum S/I ratios giving reasonable BMPs might be in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 in S/I ratio. Therefore VS biodegradability of thermal hydrolysate was in 67.4-80.7% and COD biodegradability showed 69.0-70.1%.