Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Current Issue 2025. Vol.44

Orginal Articles

• Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of the New Variety of Schisandra chinensis ‘Geumbitsaeul’ for Forest Environment Cultivation

  Je-Min Park, Mi-Yun An, Hyun-Jin Song, Ro-Young Lee, Soon-Ho Kwon, In-Chol Choi, Byeong-Hoon Yang / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 1-11

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.01

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  This study investigates the morphological characteristics of the new variety of Schisandra chinensis ’Geumbitsaeul’, developed for cultivation in forest farming applications. To determine whether distinct traits of S. chinensis ‘Geumbitsaeul’ were consistently distinguishable from the control variety, two cultivation trials were conducted over two years. As a result, S. chinensis ‘Geumbitsaeul’ consistently exhibited traits such as shorter and wider tepals and a higher number of aggregate fruits compared to the control variety. In qualitative evaluation, compared to control species, S. chinensis ‘Geumbitsaeul’ had no anthocyanin pigmentation on the petiole, no intraterminal pigmentation, and there was a clear difference in yellow fruit color. As a result of phenotypic confirmation, it is judged to be a variety with low pigment content. These characteristics enhance the ornamental and industrial value of S. chinensis ‘Geumbitsaeul’ positioning it as a valuable addition to the diversification of S. chinensis varieties. The purpose is to provide basic data needed to foster new forest varieties and establish S. chinensis standard varieties, and to contribute to expanding the diversity of varieties.

• Residual Characteristics of Trunk-Injected Oxolinic Acid for Control Fire Blight

  Jae-In Lee, Kwang-Sik Kang, Eun-Seo Park, Woo-Sik Park, Young-Joon Choi, Han-Ju Jeong, Min-Su Kang, Tae-Yong Yun, Hyeok-Woo Nam / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 12-20

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.02

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  Fire blight is a pathogen that is prohibited from being introduced, such as causing the entire tree to wither. It is virtually impossible to completely eradicate and treat it once it breaks out. Therefore, because it causes economic and psychological losses to farms, this study was conducted to develop more effective pesticide by supplementing the pesticides that have been previously used. oxolinic acid (10%) SL, which is effective in controlling pathogens, was selected as the target pesticide. The spraying method was changed to a method that has a more direct effect, and the apple and pear trees were trunk-injected right before flowering. samples were collected and the pretreatment method and instrumental analysis method were established. Based on the analysis results, there was a possibility of developing a new pesticide even within the limited experimental method. However, it is difficult to apply it to commercial orchards, so further review is necessary.

• Occurrence of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria to Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline in Agricultural Soils of Gangwon State

  Chaemin Sim, Jieun Lim, Youri Yang / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 21-28

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.03

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  Soil can be a natural reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and is capable of transferring them to the environment. The spreading of ARB can be affected by geographical factors such as land type and altitude. This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from agricultural soils in five regions of Gangwon State, South Korea, focusing on two commonly used agricultural antibiotics, streptomycin (ST) and oxytetracycline (OTC). Soil samples were collected from two plane land fields (Cheorwon, Chuncheon) and three high land fields (Gangneung, Jeongseon, Taebaek) for isolation of ARB against ST and OTC. Thirty-four bacterial strains were isolated, showing resistance to ST and OTC. Examination of cross-resistance between the two antibiotics found that some strains resistant to ST also exhibited reduced susceptibility to OTC, and vice versa. Remarkably, the bacterial strains, CW1 and TB7, showed the highest cross-resistance between the two antibiotics and they were from either plane land fields or high land fields. The strains were identified as diverse genera such as Pseudomonas sp., Lysobacter sp., Telluria sp., Pseudarthrobacter sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Microbacterium sp., and Flavobacterium sp. The results in this study infer the potential for the spread of ARB or related genes from high land in sloped fields. Taken together, it should be emphasized that a need for careful monitoring of the occurrence of ARB in different types of fields to protect the environment as well as sustainable agriculture by preventing the further spread of these bacteria and related antibiotic-resistant genes in the environment.

• Effect of Fertilizer Deep Placement on Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer Usage and Increasing Yield of Several Upland Crops

  Sung-Chang Hong, Min-Ji Lee, Byung-Wook Oh, Chang-muk Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 29-36

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.04

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  Nitrogen fertilizers must be applied repeatedly during crop cultivation. The agricultural sector has set a goal of reducing nitrogen fertilizer usage to 23%, from 2022 to 115kg/ha, 2030. Currently, fertilizer is spread on the farming fields and then mixed with the field soil using rotary operations. Deep fertilization treatment entailed injecting basal fertilizer 25-30cm deep into the soil using a deep fertilization device attached to a tractor. For onions, added fertilization using nitrogen fertilizer was omitted once out of three times, and for wheat, once out of two times. For forage corn, added fertilization was reduced by 50%. After crop cultivation, the yield of the deep fertilization treatment significantly increased by 52% for onion, 26% for wheat, and 29% for forage corn, respectively, compared to the conventional surface fertilization treatment. Therefore, deep fertilization could reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used as fertilization by 22% for onions, 25% for wheat, and 25% for forage corn. It was concluded that deep fertilization of basal fertilizer in cultivating onions, wheat, and forage corn can reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used to increase production. The deep fertilization technology is expected to be a low-carbon agricultural technology.

• Trade-off between Increasing Rice Productivity and Reducing Nutrient Loss Using Organic Amendment with Food Waste in South Korea

  Hye Jin Park, Seul Bi Lee, Song Rae Cho, Byung Keun Hyun, Na-Hyun Kwon, Jeong-Gu Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 37-44

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.05

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  The increasing issue of food waste necessitates solutions that prioritize resource recycling and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated the effects of combining food waste-derived organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer on rice productivity, nutrient utilization efficiency, and water pollution. The experiment included seven treatments: a control group (Control), a nitrogen-only treatment (PK), a standard inorganic fertilizer treatment (NPK), a full organic fertilizer treatment (OA), an organic fertilizer mixed treatment (MFW), and combinations of NPK+OA and NPK+MFW. Results showed that the organic fertilizer treatment zones (OA, NPK+OA) had significantly lower soil pH after harvest compared to other treatments, while soil electrical conductivity (EC) was higher (p<0.05). Additionally, organic fertilizer-containing zones exhibited 124% and 106% greater water retention and nutrient uptake capacity, respectively, compared to the NPK treatment. The water productivity index was highest in the NPK+MFW treatment, reaching 138%. Nitrogen concentrations in water were highest in the NPK treatment (11.3 mg L^⁻1 on average) but decreased significantly to 6.1–9.6 mg L^⁻1 in the organic fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, the combined use of inorganic fertilizers and food waste-derived organic fertilizers in rice cultivation provides an optimal strategy for enhancing productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability.

• Dissipation Analysis and Risk Assessment of Fungicides Thiophanate-methyl and Pyribencarb According to Olive Characteristics

  Ji-Won Shin, Min-Ho Song, Ji-Woo Yu, Jung-Hoon Lee, Hui-Yeon Ahn, Geon-Woo Park, Ji-Yeon Lee, Ha-Jin Son, Eun-Song Choi, Young-Soo Keum, Ji-Ho Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 45-54

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.06

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  In this study, the residual characteristics and half-lives of thiophanate-methyl and pyribencarb were compared after treatment on olives, followed by a risk assessment. Total residual levels of the two pesticides ranged between 2.43–5.57 mg/kg and 1.65–6.52 mg/kg, respectively, with half-lives of 25.7 days and 13.1 days. Compared to previous studies, the longer half-lives of thiophanate-methyl and pyribencarb in olives can be attributed to the differences in cuticle wax content. The composition and content of cuticle wax differ depending on the crop cultivar, influencing the adsorption and dissipation of pesticides. Because of wax on the crop surface, the half-life of pesticides can be extended, suggesting a correlation between the surface characteristics of olives and the half-lives of pesticides. The risk assessment, based on the worst-case scenario (99^th percentile consumer group for olive consumption), resulted in Hazard Index (HI) values of 0.032 and 0.077, indicating low risk (HI < 1).

• Effects of Nitrogen or Phosphorus Deficiency and Light Treatment on Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Tomato Hypocotyls

  Subeen Mun, Yeonjong Koo / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 55-67

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.07

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  Anthocyanins are pigment ingredients with great potential as health-functional materials, and they are processed and used in various fields. These compounds function as antioxidants and are synthesized in response to various stress conditions. In the case of tomatoes, they have an unstable flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. So, they are rich in lycopene in a normal state and produce red fruits. However, when plants detect specific environmental changes, they can synthesize anthocyanins. In this study, we observed the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in tomato hypocotyls under nutrient deficiency conditions and various light treatments. Under nitrogen or phosphate deficiency conditions, the anthocyanin content in hypocotyls increased compared to the control, and similar levels were shown under nitrogen-deficient and phosphorus-deficient conditions. The expression levels of most anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were higher in the nutrient-deficient treatment group. Under light-treatment conditions, the anthocyanin content was higher in the light-treated groups. and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were also higher in the light-treated group. These data provide insight into how anthocyanin accumulation is regulated through distinct genetic induction pathways in response to nitrogen deficiency, phosphate deficiency, and light signaling.

• Analysis of Spray Efficiency and Drift Characteristics of Tower Sprayers in Multi-Leader Apple Orchards Under Varying RPM, Driving Speeds, and Airflow Conditions

  Jong Hoon Jeon, Baek Gyun Choi, Seunghyun Ban / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 68-77

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.08

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  In this study, we evaluated the spraying efficiency and drift characteristics of tower sprayers in multi-leader apple orchards and proposed optimal spraying standards. This research addresses the challenges of pesticide drift and uneven droplet distribution, which impact spraying precision and environmental sustainability. The results demonstrated that disabling the air-assist significantly reduced pesticide drift, while the combined effect of revolutions per minute (RPM) and driving speed on spraying efficiency and drift patterns was significant. Air-assist was shown to increase droplet drift beyond the fifth row, whereas disabling it substantially mitigated this effect. Furthermore, droplet size and distribution varied considerably under different air-assist conditions, emphasizing the need for tailored spraying strategies in planar orchard layouts. The results of this study provide essential insights for improving spraying efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts, thereby supporting the development of precision spraying technologies and sustainable orchard management practices.

• Residual Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Etofenprox and Deltamethrin in Cirsium japonicum spinosissimum

  Ji-Yeon Lee, Min-Ho Song, Ji-Woo Yu, Jung-Hoon Lee, Hui-Yeon Ahn, Geon-Woo Park, Ji-Won Shin, Ha-Jin Son, Eun-Song Choi, Young-Soo Keum, Ji-Ho Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 78-86

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.09

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  The increase in pesticide use for agricultural production may affect consumer health due to pesticide residues in crops. Consequently, many countries have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides. This study evaluated the characteristics of residues and conducted a risk assessment of etofenprox and deltamethrin in Cirsium japonicum spinosissimum. The residue levels of the two pesticides ranged from 0.99 to 8.07 mg/kg and 0.03 to 0.71 mg/kg, with half-lives of 5.0 days and 3.5 days. The risk assessment based on the highest exposure scenario (99th percentile) indicated hazard index (HI) values of 0.369 and 0.097, suggesting a low-level risk (HI <1). Considering actual intake scenarios within the agricultural environment, risk assessments were conducted for treated plots at 3, 7, and 14 days after pesticide application. The results showed that the pesticide exposure risk decreased less than 0.1 at 7 and 0 days after treatment compared to the harvest day (etofenprox, deltamethrin HI = 0.090, 0.097). From this research, it was suggested that for safety standards regarding pesticide use, etofenprox should be applied twice as a foliar spray at least 7 days before harvest, while deltamethrin should be no later than 3 days before harvest.

• Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar and Their Influence on Sorption Mechanisms of Clothianidin Neonicotinoids in Agricultural Soils

  Mohamed R. Fouad, Hesham M. Aly, Noura A. Hassan / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 87-100

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.10

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  This paper aims to two types of biochar were prepared from different sources: the pruning residues of Pinus roxburghii and Cupressus sempervirens trees at 700℃. Electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of both types of biochar revealed an abundance of carbon and oxygen with traces of other elements. The vessels of C. sempervirens biochar, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are wider than those of P. roxburghii biochar, which may reflect the efficiency of C. sempervirens biochar compared to P. roxburghii biochar. Additionally, the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra show that both types differ in their functional group content, which may reflect differences in their effects. These types of biochar were added at a rate of 5% to the soil to study their effect on the absorption capacity of clothianidin neonicotinoids by sandy clay loam soil, sandy loam soil and sandy soil. Adding biochar to tested soils enhanced the adsorption of clothianidin, especially when C. sempervirens biochar was added. All soil parameters agree with the Freundlich equation through high value of R², and low value of SE.

• Influence of Sowing and Harvesting Periods on Yield Enhancement of ‘Hongsan’ Garlic

  Tae-Jun Lim, Joong-Won Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 101-109

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.11

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  Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an economically important crop that requires region-specific cultivation strategies for yield improvement. This study evaluated the optimal sowing and harvesting periods for ‘Hongsan’ garlic in South Korea through two-year field trials (2022–2024) in Muan (southern region) and Taean (central region). Plant morphological and yield parameters were recorded. Garlic was sown at 10-day intervals from late September to mid-October (2022) and 20-day intervals from mid-September to late October (2023) in Muan, with no significant yield differences. In Taean, sowing at 20-day intervals from mid-September to late October showed no yield difference between mid-September and early October, but late October sowing decreased yield (p≤0.05). Meanwhile, garlic harvested at 10-day intervals from mid-May to mid-June in Muan and early June to mid-June in Taean showed an increased yield due to delayed harvesting time in both regions (p≤0.05). These findings suggest that the optimal sowing period is late September to late October in the southern region and until early October in the central region. Furthermore, the optimal harvesting time is after June 1^st or 2^nd in the southern region and June 2^nd in the central region to achieve the highest yield of ‘Hongsan’ garlic. Hence, this study provides a basis for future multi-regional trials to refine sowing and harvesting guidelines across diverse garlic-growing environments.

• Monitoring of Diquat and Paraquat in Livestock Products by LC-MS/MS Combined with Modified QuEChERS Methods

  Seung Won Lee, Ji You Kim, Seon Hwa Kim, Hyung Wook Jo, Joon Kwan Moon, In Seon Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 110-120

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.12

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  The continued growth in domestic meat consumption has prompted the development of pesticide analytical methods for quality control of livestock products. Among the pesticides managed by national safety programs, diquat and paraquat pose a significant challenge for conventional multi-residual analysis due to their strong polarity and high solubility in water. The objective of this study was to develop analytical methods for diquat and paraquat to monitor their residues in livestock products distributed in domestic markets. Five livestock products such as beef, pork, chicken, milk and eggs were selected as typical test samples. The analytical methods of diquat and paraquat were established by optimizing all the steps to meet with the criteria of CODEX guidelines. The optimized extraction methods were achieved by using the mixtures of water and acetonitrile containing 0.5% formic acid as the extraction solvent and acetonitrile containing 0.5% formic acid as the subsequent extraction solvent. C₁₈ dispersive solid-phase extraction was found to be effective for sample clean-up prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The standard calibration curves of diquat and paraquat showed good linearity with the coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.9902 to 0.9986 for diquat and from 0.9968 to 0.9997 for paraquat. The established methods achieved recoveries ranging from 66.5 to 100.4% for diquat and ranging from 73.5 to 95.6% for paraquat. A total of 409 livestock samples from domestic markets were investigated for monitoring of diquat and paraquat by the established methods coupled with LC-MS/MS. Diquat and paraquat were found in the livestock samples at levels below the limit of quantitation (0.01 mg/kg). The analytical methods developed in this study could be successfully applied for monitoring diquat and paraquat in real livestock samples from domestic markets.

• Residual Characteristics and Risk Assessments of Acetamiprid, Afidopyropen and Emamectin benzoate in Noni

  Su Hyeong Heo, Sojin Kim, Jiwon Kim, Kwan Woo Jeon, Chang Sook Kim, Kyung-Hwan Boo / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 121-130

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.13

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  This study aimed to investigate the residual characteristics and safety assessment of acetamiprid, afidopyropen, and emamectin benzoate in Noni under greenhouse conditions. The Noni samples were treated with the pesticides twice at 7-day intervals and harvested on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 after the last treatment. The average recoveries of all pesticides ranged from 73.2% to 99.1%, which was sufficient for residue analysis. The residual amounts of acetamiprid, afidopyropen, and emamectin benzoate in noni were 0.09-0.15 mg/kg, 0.05-0.07 mg/kg, 0.01-0.03 mg/kg, respectively, indicating a tendency for dissipation over time. The biological half-lives of acetamiprid, afidopyropen, and emamectin benzoate were 28.6, 34.6, and 8.8 days, respectively. The %ADI values for these pesticides were below 1%, indicating a safe level of residue. These results provide important fundamental data for the future establishment of PHI (Pre-Harvest Interval) and MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) for Noni.

• Study on Emission Characteristics of Designated Odor Substances by Emission Source in Busan Industrial Complex Area Using SIFT-MS

  Tae-Uk Jeong / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 131-142

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.14

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  In this study, the emission characteristics of designated odor substances emitted from 11 odor emission sources in the industrial complex area were investigated using SIFT-MS for efficient management of malodor emission facilities in the industrial complex area of Busan. The concentration distribution, odor activity value (OAV), odorous contribution rate (OCR), and odor intensity (OI) of designated odorous substances for each emission source were identified. By creating a pollution rose map, we identified the direction and distance affecting the measurement point and secured basic data for management and reduction of odor in the industrial complex area. The concentrations of acetaldehyde and trimethylamine were high in wastewater treatment companies. High concentrations of butanoic acid were detected in food manufacturers and feed manufacturers that handle something related to food. The sum of the concentrations of 20 designated odor substances was highest (4.732 mL/m³) at the SS-3 site of the wastewater treatment company, followed by SS-2 > GJ-2 > SS-1. In the case of OAV of designated odor substances, it was the highest (5352.9 mL/m³) at SS-3 site, followed by SS-2 > GJ-2 > SH-1. Based on OVA, the OCR of trimethylamine among amines, methyl mercaptane among sulfur compounds, acetaldehyde among aldehydes, and butanoic acid and valeric acid among organic acids was high. The result of odor intensity was that TMA in wastewater treatment companies and methyl mercaptane in food waste disposal company was high. As a result of creating a pollution rose map, the SH-3 site which is located in precision machinery facilities showed a high concentration of odorous substances when the north wind blew. In the case of the SH-4 site, a food manufacturer, it was greatly affected by the southeast wind blowing from manufacturers are scattered. At GS-1 site, casting manufacturing business, the high concentration was observed when the northeast wind blew from the industrial complex area, which is in the opposite direction to the sea.

• Effect of Reducing Cadmium Phytoavailability Using Biochar Derived from Rendered Animal Carcass Residues

  Jin-Ju Yun, Ju-Sik Cho / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 143-151

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.15

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  This study evaluated the chemical properties of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil and reduction in Cd bioavailability following the application of biochar derived from rendered animal carcass residues (RACR-C). The results demonstrated that RACR-C improved soil quality by increasing soil pH, organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations. The Cd fractionation analysis revealed the decrease in the highly mobile exchangeable form (F1) and an increase in the carbonate-bound form (F2) derived from biochar. Furthermore, as the RACR-C application rate increase, plant growth improved, while Cd content and uptake decreased. Especially, Cd immobilization led to 60% reduction in Cd uptake in the 10% RACR-C treatment compared to untreated control, effectively suppressing Cd translocation to crops. Therefore, RACR-C is expected to function as a soil amendment and heavy metal stabilizer by improving soil conditions and reducing Cd transfer to plants. Further long-term studies are needed to assess its environmental impact and effectiveness across various crop and soil conditions.

• Evaluation of Growth Responses and Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Application of Biodegradable Coating Fertilizer during Rice Cultivation

  SeungHa Lee, JaeYee Choi, OhYeon Kwon, HyunJong Cho, JongWon Lee, JaeHyeok Choi, JooHyeok Lee, JoungDu Shin / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 152-161

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.16

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  The non-biodegradable resins are used and increased every year with about 1,103 tonnes of non-biodegradable resins for the production of controlled release fertilizers since 2020. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect on paddy rice growth and greenhouse gas emissions by application of the controlled release fertilizer coated with a biodegradable polymer. This experiment was conducted in a paddy rice field, a farm affiliated with Seoul National University. The experimental design was the randomized complete block design method (RCBD) with 3 treatments to three replications. The treatment consisted of 1) non-fertilizer, 2) biodegradable coating fertilizer (31-6-8) with 30 kg/10a of application rates, and 3) the conventional farming practice (21-17-17) with 40 kg/10a of application rates. For the growth responses, there were no significant differences in leaf color, plant height, number of tillers, and yield components between the biodegradable polymer coating treatment and the conventional treatment. The cumulative CH₄ and N₂O emissions in the biodegradable coating polymer treatment were 91.25 kg/10a and 150.80 g/10a with 35.9% and 53.9% of mitigation rates, respectively, compared to the conventional treatment. Overall, application of biodegradable coating polymer fertilizer reduced 25% of the fertilized amount and 36.4% of greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂-equiv.) with no reduction of yield during rice cultivation.

• Effect of Amino Acid Liquid Fertilizer with Proline Treatment on Frost Damage during Flowering Period and Fruit Quality in ‘Fuji’ Apple

  Jingi Yoo, Ik-Jo Chun, Jung-Geun Kwon, Nay Myo Win, In-Kyu Kang / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 162-169

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.17

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  This study was conducted to analyze the effects of amino acid liquid fertilizer (ALF) and proline (Pro) treatment on frost damage during the flowering period, as well as on tree growth and fruit quality of ’Fuji’ apple trees. When the ALF + Pro treatment was applied before flowering, the number of fruits per flower cluster in the untreat group was less than 2.0 for both terminal and axillary buds in ’Fuji’ apple trees. The ALF + Pro 50 and 100 mg/L treatments showed a significantly increase, with 2.6 fruits per cluster on terminal buds. Additionally, when ’Fuji’ apple flowers were exposed to –1℃ after flowering, the untreat group showed a frost damage rate of 48.4%, whereas the ALF + Pro 100 mg/L treatment resulted in the lowest frost damage rate of 29.3%. In the amino acid contents of the fruit peel tissue, glutamic acid increased significantly in the ALF + Pro 10 and 50 mg/L treatments, while isoleucine and lysine increased significantly in the ALF + Pro 10 and 25 mg/L treatments. In the fruit flesh tissue, hydroxyproline, citrulline and isoleucine were not detected in the untreated fruit, but were detected in all ALF + Pro treatments. In particular, hydroxyproline content was 196.5, 177.7 and 214.9 mg/L in the ALF + Pro 10, 25 and 50 mg/L treatments, respectively. Glutamic acid content was 266.6~1,073.7 mg/L in all ALF + Pro treatments.

• Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Agricultural Products with Different Lipid Contents Using Macroporous Diatomaceous Earth Column

  Suin Cho, Hey-In Cho, Jang-Eok Kim, Jeong-In Hwang, Chi-Hwan Lim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 170-179

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.18

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  Due to their similar properties to pesticides, lipids in agricultural products can interfere with the analysis of pesticide residues. This study tested the analytical recoveries of three pesticides with varying polarities, namely, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and acetamiprid, across three agricultural products with different lipid contents: oriental melon, brown rice, and peanuts. The analysis was conducted using a method established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The results indicated that higher lipid content in agricultural products and lower polarity of pesticides were associated with lower recovery rates, leading to significant emulsion during the liquid-liquid partitioning process. To resolve the recovery issue, the liquid-liquid partition was replaced with acetonitrile as an extraction solvent and a macroporous diatomaceous earth column. The recovery rates using these improved analytical methods ranged from 81.8% to 94.8%, with coefficients of variation for triplicates between 0.7% and 5.6%. These results meet the criteria for pesticide residue analysis, which require recoveries of 70-120% and CVs of <10%. The methods developed in this study effectively enhance pesticide extraction from agricultural products while minimizing the effects of lipids and emulsion.

• Effects of Organic Fertilizer Combined with Rice Husk Biochar on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity

  Yun-Gu Kang, Jun-Yeong Lee, Jiwon Choi, Jun-Ho Kim, Ji-Hoon Kim, Yeo-Uk Yun, Taek-Keun Oh / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 180-187

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.19

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  As global warming accelerates, carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is essential for mitigating climate change. This study investigated the effects of organic fertilization with the 0%, 10%, and 30% (w/w) of rice husk biochar on soil quality and Chinese cabbage yield. The field-based experiments were conducted with four treatments, including non-organic fertilization and three mixing ratios of rice husk biochar in organic fertilizer. The combination of organic fertilizer and rice husk biochar at a 7:3 ratio improved the soil fertility, as indicated by increased available nitrogen (219.00 mg/kg) and phosphorus (404.77 mg/kg) contents for crop plants. Additionally, carbon sequestration efficiency increased with higher biochar ratios in organic fertilizer, reaching 23.60 Mg C/ha in the 7:3 mixture of organic fertilizer and rice husk biochar. Although the crop yield decreased as the mixing ratio of biochar increased, the differences were not significant across treatments. This study found that combination of organic fertilizer and biochar improved soil carbon stock and nutrient availability, but crop yield was not varied by mixing ratio of biochar. For effective soil improvement, combining organic fertilizer and rice husk biochar at a ratio of 7:3 (w/w) is the optimal strategy.

• Performance Measure of Agricultural Environment Conservation Program and Suggestions

  Seung-Beom Lee, Ye-Rim Oh, Juyoun Song, Jin-Hyeob Kwak / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 188-199

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.20

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  The Agricultural Environment Conservation Program (AECP) has been implemented in South Korea to mitigate environmental pollution from agricultural activities and enhance ecosystem services. This study evaluates the effectiveness of AECP by analyzing changes in soil and water quality and farmers’ perceptions in 25 participating villages over a 4-5 year period. The analysis was conducted using soil test results from the RDA Soil Information System, water quality monitoring data from farm reservoirs, and survey responses from program participants. The results indicate that while no consistent trends were observed across all sites, certain positive outcomes were identified, such as a reduction in available phosphorus concentrations in soil and improvements in water quality in some reservoirs where both soil erosion prevention and nutrient runoff reduction activities were implemented. Effectiveness of AECP activities was not consistent because of conventional farming practices and external environmental factors. Participation rates were higher for less complex and more familiar activities, while participation in technically challenging or labor-intensive activities was relatively low. However, positive aspect is that farmers directly involved in AECP activities reported high levels of satisfaction and increased environmental awareness. To enhance the impact of AECP, detailed guidelines, periodic farmer education, and payment adjustments based on activity difficulty should be considered.

• Study on the Wintering Home Range and Habitat use of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) using GPS Tracking Devices

  Tae Wan Kim, Dae Han Cho, Sang-Min Jung, Tehan Kang, Kee-Sung Hong, Yong Jin Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Hong-Shik Oh / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 200-210

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.21

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  This study analyzes the home range and habitat use of wintering mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Mangyeong and Dongjin rivers, western Korea, using a GPS tracking device (WT-300). It provides insights into habitat conservation and management. The study area consists of rivers, wetlands, and farmland. Nine mallards were tracked using GPS devices in riparian zones. Home range was analyzed using the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). The mean MCP home range was 766.4 km² (SD=836.9, n=9). KDE analysis showed a 90% utilization area of 137.0 km² (SD=220.5 km², n=9) and a 50% area of 30.3 km² (SD=51.4 km², n=9). Mallards primarily used hydrospheres, rice fields, and inland wetlands, gradually shifting to rice fields over time. They used hydrospheres most at noon and rice fields at night. Habitat selection was influenced by factors such as water depth, food availability, and disturbances. Mallards’ winter behavior reflects survival strategies, underscoring the need for stable habitats. These findings provide fundamental data for conservation efforts and the sustainable management of wintering habitats.

• Effects of Food Waste-Mixed Pellet Compost on Soil Carbon Form and Growth of Kimchi Cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) in Upland Field

  Jin-Ju Yun, Jae-Hyuk Park, Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare, Sang-Ho Jeon, Ahn-Sung Rho, Seong-Heon Kim, Jae-Hong Shim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 211-219

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.22

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  This study investigated the effects of applying food waste with biochar pellet compost (FWCB) on soil carbon fractions and crop productivity in upland field. A field experiment using Kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) was conducted under five treatments, including FWCB and conventional fertilization regimes. FWCB treatment significantly improved crop growth, with fresh weight and yield increasing by 38% and 27%, respectively, compared to 100% NPK treatment, despite using only 50% of the inorganic fertilizer. Soil organic carbon stock was also highest in the FWCB treatment (28.78 t C ha^-1), followed by the FWC (23.72 t C ha^-1) and NPK treatments. Fractionation analysis revealed that FWCB application increased both labile (WEC, HWEC) and recalcitrant carbon forms (fulvic acid and humic acid), indicating enhanced carbon stabilization. These results suggest that FWCB not only boosts crop productivity but also enhances long-term soil carbon sequestration by enriching stable carbon fractions. Therefore, FWCB can serve as an effective strategy to improve soil fertility and mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs) in upland agriculture while reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers.

• Evaluation of Residues of Benfuracarb and Carbosulfan in Spergularia marina

  Yeon Young Lee, Seung Won Lee, Ji Yu Kim, Seon Hwa Kim, In Seon Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 220-229

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.23

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  The residues of benfuracarb and carbosulfan required for insect control in Spergularia marina were evaluated to investigate basic data for their registration with safe use standards. S. marina grown in soil treated with benfuracarb or carbosulfan was harvested and subjected to LC/MS/MS analysis equipped with a modified QuEChERS method for quantitative and qualitative analyses of benfuracarb, carbosulfan and their metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran. The methods for sample preparation and instrumental analysis were established to meet the CODEX guidelines. Total residues of benfuracarb were found in the range of 0.01~0.02 mg/kg in samples of S. marina grown in soil treated with benfuracarb. The low total levels of benfuracarb were suggested by the rapid degradation of benfuracarb in soil and plant. Total residues of carbosulfan were in the range of 0.02~0.39 mg/kg in samples of S. marina grown in soil treated with carbosulfan. Carbosulfan was degraded to carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran at higher levels than those in benfuracarb-treated samples. The higher total levels of carbosulfan than those of benfuracarb were suggested by an increase in the total amount translocated to plant. The residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites increasing with harvest time at twice the recommended dose suggested continuous uptake and translocation occurred during plant growth. Considering the total residues of benfuracarb and carbosulfan higher than 0.01 mg/kg, the Positive List System level, our study suggests that the establishment of safe use standards for benfuracarb and carbosulfan in S. marina is necessary.

• Growth of Grape Rootstock (‘Glorie’) Applying Cylindrical Paper Pot by Irrigation Method

  Young-Sun Kim, Tae-Wooung Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 230-238

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.24

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  Abstract

  

  This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cylindrical paper pot (PP) size, irrigation method and irrigation frequency in ‘Glorie’ as a remarkable rootstock of grape in Korea. ‘Glorie’ was utilized into 2-, 3-, and 4-inch PPs, watering with overhead irrigation, subirrigation and their mixed method, and irrigation frequency was 1 time every four days. Evapotranspiration amount of ‘Glorie’ stock seedling on 30, 60, and 90 days after planting (DAPs) was investigated 4,526 g/m²/day, 5,642 g/m²/day and 6,681 g/m²/day. The dry weights of leaf and root in the 2-inch PP treatment on 90 DAPs were increased by 52.9% and 11.2%, respectively than those of control (no PP treatment). As compared to control, dry weight of leaves and root, and root length of 2-inch PP watering overhead irrigation (2PP-O) on 90 DAPs were increased 52.7%, 7.2%, and 10.8%, respectively. Compared to control, dry weight of leaves and root, and root length of 2-inch PP treatment watering four days interval with overhead irrigation method (2PP-W1) on 90 DAPs was increased by 52.7%, 7.2% and 10.8%, respectively. These results indicated that when ‘Glorie’ seedling applying PP was planted in 2-inch PP, and then watered every four days with overhead irrigation method, it increased the growth of grape rootstock seedling by improving growth of root and leaf.

• Seedling Growth of Lettuce and Chinese Cabbage in Substrates Blending Bottom Ash Derived after Combusting a Livestock Compost

  Young-Sun Kim, Hyo-Geun Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 239-245

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.25

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  This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mixture of commercial substrate (CS) and bottom ash derived after combusting a livestock compost (BA). Treatments were as follows. Control (CS 100%), 4% (CS 96% + BA 4%), and 6% (CS 94% + BA 6%). Compared to control, pH and EC in the mixtures of both CS and BA were increased, and bulk density not significantly different. The germination rates of lettuce and Chinese cabbage in the BA mixtures treatments were 95.0-96.7% and 90.7-95.0%, respectively, and they not significantly different by BA rate. On 28 days after sowing in the mixtures, chlorophyll content, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and dry weight of lettuces were not significantly different, and while chlorophyll content, number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width of Chinese cabbage were not significantly different, its dry weight was increased. The root length of lettuce and Chinese cabbage was positively correlated to BA amount in the mixture (p<0.05). These results indicated that the application of horticultural substrates blending with BA improved root growth of leafy seedling such as lettuce and Chinese cabbage.

• Erratum: Effects of Green Manures on Fruits Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Cucumbers Cultivated in Organic Systems

  Min-Jae Kong, Sang-Min Lee, Cho-Rong Lee, Hyeon-Yeong Hwang, Young-Mi Lee, Nan-Hee An, Jung-Lai Cho / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 246-246

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.26

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• Distribution of DDT Residues by Surrounding Area and Soil Depth at Contaminated Poultry Farms

  Jeong-Hwon Park, Su-Jung Kim, Min-Jung Kim, Ji-Sung Sim, Byung-Jun Park / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 247-258

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.27

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  This study investigated DDT residues in chicken farm and its surrounding farmland, where DDTs were previously detected in eggs and chickens in Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do in 2017. The study focused on the absorption and translocation of DDTs into crops, as well as their vertical mobility in soil and groundwater. Extraction and purification of DDTs from plant and soil samples were carried out using of slight modified QuEChERS method. DDTs were detected in soil at the following concentration: 0.48-1.99 mg/kg at the depth of 0-10 cm, 0.08-4.89 mg/kg at 10-50 cm, 0.01-1.35 mg/kg at 50-100 cm, and 0.02 mg/kg or less in 100-140 cm within the chicken farm area. No residues were detected below a depth of 140 cm. Notably the highest concentration (4.89 mg/kg) was found at a depth of 30-40 cm. The concentration of DDTs generally decreased with increasing soil depth, and no residues were detected below 140 cm. In addition, trace amounts of DDTs (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) were intermittently detected in nearby farmland soil up to 3 km away, but no residues were detected in any crop samples. These findings confirm that pesticide DDT, which used over 40 years ago, still persists in soil but not in surrounding plants. The results suggest that further research is needed to assess exposure levels through continued monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in agricultural environments.

• Odor Reduction Monitoring in Swine Farms Following the Application of Domestic Commercial Microbial Products

  So-Young Jang, Dubok Choi, Yeon-Jae Choi, Woo Young Cho, Seong Eun Han, Il Kyu Cho / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 259-274

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.28

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  This study evaluated the effects of commercially available microbial preparations (used as feed additives and environmental treatments) on swine farms, with a focus on odor reduction, gut microbiota, and immune responses. The results showed a significant reduction in major livestock odors, such as ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, although reductions in sulfur-based odors like hydrogen sulfide were limited. Five swine farms were selected for a ten-month study during which microbial feed additives and environmental improvement products were administered to assess their effectiveness in reducing odor emissions and altering the intestinal microbiota. Monitoring involved measurements of odorant concentrations, quantitative analysis of fecal microbiota, and microbial community profiling. A reduction in ammonia was observed, accompanied by an increase in hydrogen sulfide and other odorants. The change of metagenomics revealed a decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes from 77% to 56% and an increase in Bacteroidetes from 17% to 35% in the pig feces from the swine firms. Additionally, all farms maintained normal levels of the intestinal inflammation index. Microbial treatments led to a reduction in certain beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, but increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), producing bacteria, including Ruminococcaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, suggesting improved energy metabolism and fiber degradation. Calprotectin levels (an inflammation marker) decreased in some farms, indicating potential reductions in intestinal inflammation. Despite no significant changes in total bacterial counts, species richness and diversity improved, and inflammation markers remained within normal physiological ranges. Overall, the study suggests that consistent use of microbial products, in combination with modern farm infrastructure, can improve both odor control and gut health, potentially enhancing the sustainability of swine farms and reducing community complaints.

• Control of Clubroot Disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Effect in Kimchi Cabbage Using Microbial Biochar Pellets

  Joo-Hee Nam, Ji-Young Moon, Joung-Du Shin, Chang-Ki Shim, Min-Jeong Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 275-286

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.29

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  This study aimed to evaluate the control efficacy of clubroot disease in Kimchi cabbage and carbon sequestration by applying microbial biochar pellets inoculated with antagonistic microorganisms. The microbial biochar pellets were prepared by mixing rice husk biochar and guano at a 6:4 ratio, followed by inoculation with collected antagonistic strains against clubroot disease, adjusting to a viable cell density above 1.0 × 10⁷ CFU·mL^-1 and a total nitrogen content of 6%. Treatments included a non-treated control, biochar alone, and biochar pellets inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens (RBPM27) or Bacillus megaterium (RBPM86). Before transplanting Kimchi cabbage in the spring trial field, each material was evenly mixed into the soil, and greenhouse gas samplings such as CH₄ and N₂O were analyzed at 7 day intervals during the growing period. Clubroot incidence was evaluated 50 days after transplanting. The RBPM86 treatment significantly reduced the incidence rate of clubroot by 31.8%, showing the highest control efficacy of 57.7%. The RBPM27 and RBPM86 treatment significantly reduced the cumulative emissions of CH₄ and N₂O by 69% and 29%, respectively, relative to the control, indicating its potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. These results suggest that microbial biochar pellets inoculated with effective antagonistic microorganisms offer a promising strategy for managing clubroot disease and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in Kimchi cabbage cultivation.

• Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Khorasan Wheat Sprouts under Combined Light Treatments Including Ultraviolet and Far-Red Radiation

  Jiyun Park, Rakhat Kanybekova, Seohyun Bae, Seong Do Lee, Seunguk Yu, Dongyup Hahn, Jungsil Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 287-298

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.30

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  With growing interest in extending light spectra beyond the visible range to improve crop yield and quality, this study investigated the effects of combined light treatments, comprising multiple wavelengths including ultraviolet-A and far-red, on the germination and sprout growth of Khorasan wheat under controlled conditions. Growth and biochemical parameters, including stem and root development, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity, were assessed relative to a white light control in the laboratory condition. The combined light treatments significantly enhanced morphological characteristics such as stem diameter, root length, fresh weight, and leaf dry weight compared with white light. However, both total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity showed a decreasing tendency, suggesting a potential inverse relationship between morphological enhancement and antioxidant responses. Moreover, two combined light regimes with different ultraviolet-A and far-red levels displayed similar overall trends, though the magnitude of plant responses varied. These findings indicate that while combined light can promote specific growth characteristics, it may simultaneously suppress antioxidant capacity. The results provide a valuable basis for designing light management strategies to optimize Khorasan wheat sprout production in plant factory systems.

• Investigation of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of the Ethanol Extracts of Aster spathulifolius Maxim.

  Da Jung Lim, Jeong-Sup Song, Mirieom Park, Seungki Lee, Sarah Lee, Youn Kyoung Son, Yangseon Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 299-308

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.31

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  Abstract

  

  Aster spathulifolius Maxim., a traditional medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family, is native to Korea and Japan and has been reported to be effective for treating obesity and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate its antimicrobial potential against various pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Aspergillus fumigatus, as well as to analyze the secondary metabolites present in the plant to identify compounds responsible for its antimicrobial activity. The stems and leaves of the plant were dried and subjected to reflux extraction with 70% aqueous ethanol at 25℃ for 24 hours, and this was repeated three times. The extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli and S. Enteritidis as well as the fungus A. fumigatus. Secondary metabolite analysis using LC-QTOF/MS identified polyphenol compounds, including chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid C, and rhodiosin, that are known for their antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties. In particular, quantitative evaluation of the indicators chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid revealed that they contained 39.11 mg/g and 51.33 mg/g per dry extract product, respectively. In conclusion, A. spathulifolius Maxim. was determined to be particularly effective as an antimicrobial agent against gram-negative bacteria and fungi.

• Hypothesis-Based Analysis of the Effects of Supplemental Feeding on the Wintering Space Use of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus)

  Younghwa Shin, Joon-Woo Lee, Dal-Ho Kim, Woon-Kee Paek, Hong-Shik Oh / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 309-321

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.32

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  This study investigated the effects of supplemental feeding on the wintering spatial behavior of Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus) in South Korea by analyzing five spatial indicators: home range extent, spatial concentration, residence time, daily movement distance, and habitat use diversity. Using high-resolution Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tracking data from two major sites—the Nakdong River Estuary (fed) and Junam Reservoir (unfed)—we examined how artificial feeding interacts with habitat structure and individual movement strategies. Contrary to the expectation that feeding reduces movement and increases site fidelity, swans in the fed estuary exhibited larger home ranges and shorter daily distances, but significantly lower habitat diversity. These results suggest that supplemental feeding improves energy efficiency while potentially promoting spatial fixation and ecological dependency, particularly in complex landscapes. The fed group showed fewer land cover types and lower Shannon diversity indices, indicating narrower habitat use and increased vulnerability to environmental changes or disease outbreaks. These findings emphasize the dual effects of feeding intervention and habitat heterogeneity on spatial behavior in migratory waterbirds. The results highlight the need for balanced wintering site management that accounts for both the energetic benefits and potential ecological risks of artificial feeding, with implications for conservation and disease prevention along the East Asian Flyway.

• From Chemistry to Plant-Microbe Interactions: A Fifty-Year Journey Through Science

  Bernard R. Glick / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 322-338

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.33

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  Abstract

  

  This manuscript presents a brief overview of some of the scientific work that I have been involved in during the past 50 or so years. In this period of time, I have moved from the study of Chemistry to Biochemistry to Molecular Biology and Biotechnology to Soil Microbiology to Plant-Microbe Interactions. I have followed a variety of research topics in what may seem to some to be a haphazard fashion. Nevertheless, I have endeavored to mention a number of significant turning points and manuscripts in my career. However, given that my career has been long and focused on a variety of different topics, I am sure that I have omitted some important events and manuscripts.

• Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Elovich, Redlich-Peterson, and Halsey Models of Fenitrothion Adsorption-Desorption Isotherm onto Two Different Soil Textures

  Mohamed R. Fouad, Ahmed F. El-Aswad, Maher I. Aly / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 339-356

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.34

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  This study is concerned with studying the adsorption and desorption isotherms of fenitrothion in clay and sandy clay loam soils, while verifying appropriate mathematical models. The average adsorption and values of Kd, log K_om, log K_oc and log K_clay were greater in the clay soil than in the sandy clay loam soil. The adsorption was largely irreversible from clay soil but largely reversible from sandy clay loam soil. Thus, the amount of fenitrothion desorbed from clay soil was lower than that desorbed from sandy clay loam soil. The adsorption and desorption behavior of the insecticide fenitrothion on clay soil and sandy clay loam soil can be well described using the Freundilch and Halsey isotherm models, which produce high R² values and low values of Δqe% and SSE. Additionally, the points corresponding to the data predicted by the two models are located almost consistent with the experimental data. The Langmuir model is limited to describing the experimental adsorption and desorption data at low concentrations of fenitrothion. The Temkin, Elovich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models are unable to describe the experimental data of adsorption and desorption in clay soil and sandy clay loam soil. The slope (1/n) values of the adsorption isotherms for fenitrothion on sandy clay loam soil were greater than unity, suggesting an S-type isotherm, which reflects a low adsorbent-adsorbate affinity at low concentrations, and the soil surface has a greater affinity for water than for pesticide molecules at low concentrations.

• Genomic Insights into Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Associated with Plants: A Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Whole Genome Sequences

  Tatsuya Unno, Sojeong Kim, Jae-Hyeon Oh, Jun Heo, Dong-Hun Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 357-364

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.35

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  Abstract

  

  This study aimed to investigate plant-associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) using publicly available bacterial whole genome sequences (WGS) from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC). A total of 1,058 WGS datasets were analyzed to identify bacterial genera, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and plasmid mobility types. The dominant genera were Xanthomonas, Mesorhizobium, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, and Erwinia, accounting for more than 65% of the isolates. Streptomyces and Pseudomonas exhibited the highest ARG abundances, averaging 0.6 and 0.3 ARGs per genome, respectively. ARG-carrying isolates were most frequent in peanut, sweet basil, bread wheat, sweet orange, and maize hosts. Ninety-three isolates (8.8%) harbored ARG-containing plasmids, among which 18% were conjugative, 25% mobilizable, and the remainder non-mobilizable. Conjugative and mobilizable plasmids were mainly found in Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas from tomato and kiwifruit hosts, while non-mobilizable plasmids predominated in Agrobacterium, Streptomyces, and Bacillus. The findings suggest that plant-associated bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Streptomyces, constitute important ARG reservoirs and may facilitate resistance dissemination through conjugative and mobilizable plasmids in agricultural ecosystems.

• Residual Characteristics and Dietary Risk Assessment of Fluopyram, Isofetamid and Acequinocyl in Lactuca sativa L.

  Jung-Hoon Lee, Min-Ho Song, Eun-Song Choi, Ji-Ho Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 365-376

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.36

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  Abstract

  

  This study evaluated the residual characteristics and dietary risks of three pesticides—fluopyram, isofetamid, and acequinocyl—applied to lettuce. Each pesticide was applied under identical greenhouse conditions, and lettuce samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after application. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed biological half-lives of 5.29, 4.38, and 4.15 days for fluopyram, isofetamid, and acequinocyl, respectively. Fluopyram exhibited the longest persistence due to its high chemical stability, whereas isofetamid showed a shorter residue persistence owing to rapid formation of its metabolite GPTC. Acequinocyl dissipated faster because of its susceptibility to photodegradation. Based on the percentage of the acceptable daily intake (%ADI), fluopyram showed a dietary risk level of 155.2% on day 0, but the value decreased below 100% after 3 days. Isofetamid (47.6%) remained below the safety threshold, and acequinocyl showed less than 10% from day 1, indicating negligible risk. Three days after the final application, the risk from all pesticides was low, and consumer exposure was within a safely manageable level.

• Long term Trends in Introduced Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica) Abundance: Agricultural Land Expansion Effects on Jeju Island

  Young-Hun Jeong, Seung Eon Kim, Binod Kunwar, Hong-Shik Oh / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 377-385

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.37

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  Island agro-ecosystems are highly vulnerable to ecological disturbances caused by introduced vertebrates. The Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), intentionally introduced to Jeju Island in 1989, has since established and expanded across urban and agricultural landscapes. Long-term monitoring from 2006 to 2021 recorded an increase in the island’s magpie population from 9,500 to 35,094 individuals, showing a steady upward trend with only a brief period of stabilization. Annual line transect and point count surveys were analyzed together with agricultural census data on cultivated land area at the municipal scale. In Jeju city, magpie population size showed a positive but statistically non-significant relationship with cultivated land area (R² = 0.18, P = 0.105), whereas in Seogwipo city, a significant positive association was observed (R² = 0.31, P = 0.025). Residual analysis revealed that deviations from model predictions differed between the two municipalities, with higher-than-expected values occurring primarily in horticultural farmland areas. These findings demonstrate regional variation in population response to cultivated land expansion and provide quantitative evidence of long-term population growth of magpies on Jeju Island

• Typological Classification of Park Golf Courses Using Cluster Analysis for Efficient Management

  Bugeon Lee, Yunah Song, Young-Sun Kim, Sanghoo Yoon / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 386-395

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.38

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  This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the multi-dimensional characteristics of park golf courses across South Korea to establish a typology system and provide a foundation for tailored management and policy development. A total of 424 park golf courses were analyzed using data provided by the Korea Park Golf Association. The variables considered included climate favorability (based on the Korea Tourism Climate Index, K-TCI), surrounding environmental features (such as proximity to rivers, parks, and land cover types), accessibility indicators (population density and age structure), and facility size (number of holes). The 12 K-TCI indicators were reduced to three principal components—Peak Season Comfort, Winter Limitation, Summer Polarization—through Logratio Principal Component Analysis (log ratio PCA), which explained 88.2% of the cumulative variance. These three components, along with six additional variables, were integrated into a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-based cluster analysis. Based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), six distinct clusters were identified, each representing a unique typological group of park golf courses.

• Assessment of Toxicity and Potential Health Risk of Pesticides and Heavy Metals along Bade Stretch of River Yobe, Nigeria

  Mustapha Usman Nasir, Taofik Olatunde Uthman / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 396-411

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.39

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  Abstract

  

  Many towns in Bade Local Government Area (LGA), northern Nigeria have been designated as “hotspots“ for chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu). In a bid to unravel this mystery, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential health risks of River Yobe which passes through many towns in the district and serves as the main source of water for domestic and agricultural purposes. The novelty of this work lies in the selection of four towns namely Alagarno, Azbak, Dagona and Gashua which are directly connected to the river for the study. The physicochemical properties of water samples from the river in the four locations were evaluated followed by determination of heavy metal and pesticide concentrations in water, soil, and selected crops (rice and tomatoes) cultivated through irrigation using water from the river. According to the physicochemical analysis, the pH, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand levels of water samples from the four towns were above permissible limits in comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Specifically, the total dissolved solids found in water samples from Dagona and Alagarno as well as turbidity of water samples from Dagona, Azbak and Gashua were above WHO standards. The concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides in water, soil and crops from the four study locations were above limits set by WHO. These findings indicate that anthropogenic activities including refuse dumps along the riverbank as well as release of untreated municipal effluents, pesticides and fertilizer residues from agricultural practices into the river may be responsible for the pollution reported in this study. Consequently, it is hypothesized that the chronic kidney illness afflicting the people of Bade LGA may be connected to poor quality of water from River Yobe and elevated concentrations of toxic heavy metals and pesticides in the crops.

• Growth of Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) after Applying with Fish Byproduct Fermented with Effective Microorganism

  Young-Sun Kim, Seung-Jae Lim, Mae-Ho Park / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 412-421

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.40

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  Abstract

  

  This study was conducted to investigate changes of growth and quality of creeping bentgrass applying fish byproduct fermented with effective microorganism (FBEM), an organic agro-material. Treatments were as follows; No fertilizer (NF), control (compound fertilizer 3N a.i. g/m²/month), FBEM-1 (control + FBEM 1 mL/m²/month), FBEM-2 (control + FBEM 2 mL/m²/month), FBEM-3 (control + FBEM 4 mL/m²/month), and SFBEM (control + sterilized FBEM 2 mL/m²/month). As compared to NF, turf color index (TCI), chlorophyll a+b content, shoot length, turfgrass clipping yield, and nitrogen (N) uptake in the FBEM treatments (FBEM-1, FBEM-2, FBEM-3, and SFBEM) were increased. Compared to control, growth factors of FBEM treatments were not significantly different. An application amount of FBEM was positively correlated to TCI, shoot length, clipping yield, N content in the tissue, and N and K uptake (p≤0.05). These results indicated that FBEM application improved the quality and growth of creeping bentgrass by promoting N uptake from soil.

• From Legacy Phosphorus to Resource via Immobilization and Activation for Enhanced Fertilizer Efficiency

  Younggun Yoon, Dayeon Kim, Jae-Hyung Ahn, Sihyun An, Jeong Jun Kim, Young-seok Seo, Yujin Seo, Jaedon Shin, Min Cho / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 422-442

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.41

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  Abstract

  

  Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient central to nucleic acid synthesis, photosynthesis, and energy metabolism. Although agricultural soils contain substantial total P reserves, only a minute fraction is plant-available, leaving more than 40% of global croplands P-deficient. Fertilizer supplementation is therefore indispensable; however, most applied phosphate is rapidly immobilized through precipitation with Ca, Al, or Fe minerals or by strong sorption to soil matrices, resulting in crop recovery efficiencies typically below 25%. This inefficiency has generated extensive residual and legacy P pools that can buffer crop demand yet also contribute to eutrophication when mobilized into surface waters. This review explores the dynamics of these hidden soil P reserves and evaluates emerging strategies to transform them into renewable agronomic resources. Engineering approaches including biochar amendments and bioelectrochemical systems such as soil, sediment, and plant microbial fuel cells, can restrict dissolved P losses, induce redox-mediated immobilization, and support controlled P recycling. Complementary biological pathways mediated by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and rhizospheric enzyme systems reactivate immobilized or organic P, thereby improving plant nutrient acquisition and fertilizer-use efficiency. Framed within a phosphorus cascade perspective, this synthesis highlights how integrating soil chemistry, microbial ecology, and environmental engineering can enhance P utilization, sustain crop productivity, and mitigate nutrient driven water pollution.

• Effects of Organic Amendments with No-Tillage on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Organic Carbon in Maize (Zea mays) Fields

  Young-Don Lee, Jin-Ho Joo, Su-Bin Noh, Byung-Jun Park, Seok-Soon Jeong, Sang-Min Lee, Hyuck-Soo Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 443-452

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.42

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study analyzed the effects of tillage management and organic amendments on soil properties, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil organic carbon (SOC) and maize growth in an organic farming system. The results showed that tillage increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, whereas organic amendments initially increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions but gradually decreased over time. Methane (CH₄) emissions remained low regardless of tillage conditions. Organic amendments application had a positive effect on SOC accumulation, with compost treatment showing the highest SOC and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) content, demonstrating its potential for stable carbon storage. The net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) analysis revealed that no-tillage with organic amendments application led to a net carbon sequestration effect, with compost treatment recording the highest NECB value. These findings confirm that compost can effectively reduce GHG emissions while enhancing soil carbon storage. Furthermore, organic amendments such as compost can serve as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, contributing to the reduction of GHG emissions and improving carbon sequestration in soil. Proper combinations of tillage practices and organic amendments can maintain crop productivity while promoting sustainable agriculture.

• Analysis of Hydroponic Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) Disease and Pest Using Deep Learning under Artificial-Light Vertical Farm Conditions

  Jeong-Wook Heo, Jeong-Hyun Baek, Tae-Hyun Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 453-461

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.43

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  Indoor vertical farms using artificial lighting enable high-density and year-round strawberry production but create humid microclimates that favor rapid disease outbreaks. Conventional disease scouting based on visual inspection is labor-intensive and often delayed. This study aimed to develop an edge-computing-based automatic disease scouting system for strawberries cultivated in an artificial-light vertical farm using a YOLOv5 deep learning model and to evaluate its reliability by comparing results before and after outlier removal. A slider-mounted RGB imaging system and an NVIDIA Jetson Nano edge device were installed above multilayer strawberry beds in Taebaek commercial farm. Images collected along predefined paths were analyzed to detect major strawberry diseases including gray mold, powdery mildew on leaves and fruits, and anthracnose fruit rot. During the experimental period no insect pests were detected. Before outlier removal, 3,357 disease objects were detected, with the four dominant disease classes accounting for more than 96% of detections. However, a few rare or abnormally large detections distorted infected-area statistics. Outliers were filtered based on confidence threshold, size distribution, and geometric validity. After filtering, the overall spatial distribution and dominance structure of major diseases remained stable, while quantitative indicators became more realistic and robust. Gray mold and leaf powdery mildew consistently emerged as the major threats, and hotspot locations were preserved. The proposed edge-AI-based scouting system demonstrated feasibility for real-time monitoring in an artificial-light vertical farm, and systematic outlier removal effectively improved data reliability for precision disease management.

• Vision-Based Smart Beehive Integrating Environmental Sensing for Climate-Smart Apiculture

  Taehyun Kim, Kyeong Yong Lee, Jeongwook Heo, Jeonghyun Baek, Jeongho Lee, Hyeonbyeong Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 462-473

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.44

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study presents a field-deployable smart beehive that combines real-time, vision-based in/out counting with continuous environmental sensing on low-power edge hardware. A four-zone entrance model with a conservation constraint (ΔA = 0) is introduced to regularize event inference, and practical stabilizers—a boundary buffer, short debouncing, and per-track cooldown—are used to suppress spurious transitions caused by jitter, occlusion, and brief reversals on the entrance lip. The system runs on a Raspberry Pi with an optional Edge TPU accelerator and exposes a dashboard that collocates entrance activity with internal and external temperature, humidity, CO₂, and hive weight for management decisions. Field experiments at two outdoor sites show that the proposed Algorithm 2 achieves event-level IN accuracy of 82.8–88.2% and OUT accuracy of 97.1–100.0%, substantially reducing double counts relative to an aggregate-zone baseline while maintaining real-time performance on embedded hardware. By interpreting the joint activity and microclimate time series in the context of climate-smart agriculture, precision apiculture, and agricultural-environment indicators, we demonstrate how the smart beehive can function not only as an automated counter, but also as a sensor node for pollinator-aware, climate-smart farm management.

• Site Suitability Analysis for Carbon-Neutral Villages Based on Livestock Manure and Forest Biomass Through Geospatial Analysis

  Eunhee Choi, Jae-Jak Nam, Seungheon Lee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 474-489

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.45

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study identifies suitable sites for carbon-neutral villages by utilizing livestock manure and forest biomass, key resources in rural areas, contributing to climate change mitigation and the achievement of national greenhouse gas reduction targets. For this purpose, nationwide public geospatial information and statistical data were analyzed using QGIS. First, 9,075 villages with a density of 50 or more households in areas lacking city gas supply were identified as potential candidates suitable for district heating. For the efficient utilization of livestock manure resources, the spatial distribution characteristics of livestock farms were quantified using the Average Nearest Neighbor Index (ANNI) and a Concentration Index (CNI), and then categorized into priority areas for biogas plant construction, areas requiring consolidation, and areas where livestock scale reduction is recommendable. Furthermore, to establish a stable supply chain for unused forest biomass, an analysis of the supply radius (50 km) of the five existing resource centers revealed significant supply gaps, leading to a proposal for nine new center locations. Finally, by spatially overlaying the availability of both livestock manure and forest biomass resources with the distribution of energy demand, 106 optimal candidate sites for carbon-neutral villages that can integrate both biomass types were selected. The findings of this study can serve as fundamental scientific data for establishing effective rural energy transition policies in conjunction with rural spatial planning, thereby contributing to the realization of carbon neutrality and the improvement of energy welfare in rural areas.

• Improving Transitional-Season Microclimate Control in Greenhouses Using a Dual Thermal-Storage Air-Source Heat Pump System

  Seong-heon Kim, Sung-wook Yoon, Tae-seok Lee, Hyung-kwon Kim, Jin-kyung Kwon / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 490-501

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.46

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  Seasonal transitions in greenhouse production often cause rapid fluctuations in temperature and humidity, increasing condensation risk and stressing crop growth. This study evaluates a dual thermal-storage Air-Source Heat Pump (ASHP) system designed to stabilize the greenhouse microclimate under such variable conditions. Monthly heating and cooling loads of a semi-closed greenhouse were first estimated using EnergyPlus to determine operational requirements for thermal storage. The system incorporates a 150-ton main tank and a 60-ton auxiliary tank, enabling independent heating and cooling operation and rapid switching between modes. Field evaluation during the autumn transitional period (October~November 2025) demonstrated substantial improvements in environmental stability. The system maintained daytime cooling at 17~18℃ and nighttime heating at 18~20℃, reducing diurnal temperature fluctuation by 40% and relative-humidity variation by 30%. High-humidity durations above 85%—a critical threshold for condensation and disease development—were reduced by 35%. These outcomes indicate that the dual-storage configuration effectively buffers short-term outdoor variability, enhances dehumidification without ventilation losses, and maintains a more consistent canopy-level microclimate. Overall, the dual thermal-storage ASHP system offers a practical and energy-efficient approach for improving greenhouse climate control during transitional seasons and supporting stable crop production. Future work will focus on frost management and AI-based integrated control.

• Effects of Agricultural By-product Biochar on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)

  Soo-Young Hong, Min-Gyeong Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Seong-Yu Hong, Hee-Yeon Kim, Su-Jeong Heo, Ki-Sun Kim, Hyuck-Soo Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 502-508

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.47

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  Recent revisions to Korea’s Fertilizer Process Standards (2024) have allowed a wider variety of agricultural by-products to be used as biochar feedstocks, reflecting the growing emphasis on resource recycling in agriculture. Along with this expansion, interest in the agronomic use of crop by-product-derived biochars has increased. This study aimed to characterize biochars from peach, grape, red pepper, melon, and asparagus by-products and evaluate their effects on crop growth. By-products were pyrolyzed (500℃), analyzed for C, nutrients, and heavy metals, and applied at 500 kg/10a to soil for Chinese cabbage cultivation (60 days). Carbon contents ranged 53.9~65.0%. Asparagus biochar had highest N (3.09%) and K (3.54%), melon biochar highest P (1.52%), and all heavy metals were below RDA’s guideline. Red pepper biochar yielded the greatest crop performance, with fresh weight (1.74 kg) showing a 28% increase over the control (1.36 kg). Crop by-product biochars differ in nutrient composition. Red pepper biochar enhanced Chinese cabbage yield most. Guidelines are needed to optimize safe and sustainable biochar use.

• AtPIP2;5 Aquaporin Affects Mesophyll Conductance to CO₂ and Stomatal Density in Nicotiana tabacum Leaves

  Jiye Rhee / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 509-520

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.48

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  The plasma membrane intrinsic protein AtPIP2;5 aquaporin is known for accelerating water flow into plant cells; however, its role in CO₂ transport in leaf mesophyll cells (as a ‘cooporin’) is not well understood. We investigated parameters of leaf water loss and CO₂ uptake in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) leaves expressing the AtPIP2;5 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPIP2;5) and in wild-type (WT) tobacco. The control and transgenic plants were subjected to osmotically induced drought stress and a recovery period. Transpiration and photosynthesis rates (E, A_N), stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO₂ (g_s, g_m), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal density (SD) were measured using gas exchange and stable isotope techniques. AtPIP2;5 expression in well-watered plants did not change A_N and g_s but increased g_m by 42% compared to WT (p≤0.05). After 7 days of drought, g_m decreased to 50% of its original value in PIP2;5 plants while remaining almost unchanged in the controls. A_N also decreased significantly in stressed PIP2;5 plants compared to WT, while g_s did not differ between genotypes. g_m did not respond to 7 days of recovery in PIP2;5 and WT. However, in the transgenic plants, we found significant increases in SD and SI compared to WT. Instantaneous WUE was lower in transgenics than in WT. Our results suggest that AtPIP2;5 expressed in tobacco is also involved in CO₂ transport in mesophyll cells during photosynthetic CO₂ fixation. However, its facilitating role may turn into inhibition of CO₂ flux during drought stress, persisting even after recovery.

• Physicochemical Properties of River Sediments in an Agriculture Region: A Case Study of Buyeo County, South Korea

  Youngsin Hong, Sung-Wook Yun, Jinkwan Son, Chung Geon Lee, Jaekyung Jang, Jongpil Moon / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 521-533

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.49

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of river sediments across Buyeo County, Chungnam Province, South Korea. Surface sediments (0-10 cm) were collected from 106 sampling sites and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), exchangeable cations, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay). Multivariate statistical analyses were employed to examine the distribution characteristics and potential sources of these components. The average pH of the sediments was 6.07 (range 4.54–8.13), and EC averaged 1.11 dS/m (range 0.17–4.86). The mean concentrations of T-P and T-N were 677 mg/kg (range 134–1,760) and 1,155 mg/kg (range 130–6,757), respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) for T-P (51.6%) and T-N (85.2%) were relatively high, suggesting pronounced spatial heterogeneity and potential anthropogenic influence. Correlation and multivariate analyses further revealed strong associations among T-N, T-P, and EC, indicating that nutrient enrichment in the study area is likely governed by multiple sources, including diffuse agricultural runoff, domestic wastewater, and agricultural drainage. To our knowledge, this work represents the first county-scale sediment assessment of nutrient variability in Buyeo using CV, correlation, PCA, and cluster analysis. The results provide a useful baseline dataset for sediment management and non-point source pollution control in agricultural watersheds.

• Mitigation of Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Groundcovers in Apple Orchard Soil

  Jong-Mun Lee, Hyoung-Seok Lee, Min-Ji Lee, Young-Jae Jeong, Yun-Sik Shin, Taek-Keun Oh, Hye-Ran Park / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 534-543

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.50

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study evaluated the effects of herbaceous groundcovers—white clover (WC) and Kentucky bluegrass (KG)—on annual nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions compared with a bare-soil control (CT). Annual N₂O emissions were 1.68±0.24 kg N₂O–N ha^⁻1 in CT, whereas WC and KG showed substantially lower emissions of 0.89±0.23 and 0.92±0.22 kg N₂O–N ha^⁻1, corresponding to significant reductions of 47% and 45%, respectively. Daily N₂O fluxes exhibited significant positive correlations with soil temperature across all treatments, while no significant relationship was observed with water-filled pore space (WFPS). Although these findings indicate that soil temperature is a key factor influencing short-term N₂O variability, further analyses of soil mineral nitrogen and microbial properties are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of N₂O production and mitigation. Overall, the introduction of groundcovers markedly reduced annual N₂O emissions compared with bare soil, demonstrating their potential as an effective low-carbon management practice for perennial orchard systems.

• Evaluation of Residual Patterns of Fenoxanil and Thifluzamide in Rice Field

  Uimin Baek, Seon Hwa Kim, In Seon Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 544-554

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.51

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  In this study, residual patterns of fenoxanil and thifluzamide in different parts of rice plants were evaluated to assess harvest safety. Following foliar application, samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after the treatment were separated into grain, leaf, stem, and root parts and analyzed using the QuEChERS method-based LC/MS/MS. The developed analytical method was validated to meet the guidelines of the European Commission (SANTE/11312/2021). On final sampling time points, residues in grain, leaf and stem declined by 83.7%, 88.5% and 69.9% for fenoxanil and 82.6%, 81.7% and 70.6% for thifluzamide, respectively. Conversely, root residues increased from 0.01 to 0.48 mg/kg for fenoxanil and 0.03 to 0.14 mg/kg for thifluzamide. The dissipation behaviors in grain, leaf, and stem samples indicated half-lives of 4.9, 4.2 and 8.1 days for fenoxanil and 5.4, 5.2 and 8.5 days for thifluzamide, respectively. The accumulation of residues in the roots was suggested by the reabsorption of residues remaining in the leaves into the soil after rainwater washing. All residue levels remained below the Maximum Residue Limits, confirming the safety of the harvested rice. These findings may provide a useful basis for understanding pesticide dynamics in rice and predicting future residues under field conditions.

• Evaluation of Residual Patterns of Cyantraniliprole, Ethaboxam, Fludioxonil, and Metalaxyl in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

  Hae On Ki, Jeongeun Shin, Cheol Hong Kim, Seon Hwa Kim, In Seon Kim / Agricultural and Environmental Sciences / 2025 / v.44, 555-570

  https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2025.44.52

  Abstract Full-Text PDF

  Abstract

  

  This study was performed to evaluate the residual patterns of cyantraniliprole, ethaboxam, fludioxonil, and metalaxyl in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in field trials. Jujubes were collected at different pre-harvest days and subjected to modified QuEChERS sample preparation methods after dried or not. Jujube samples were extracted with organic solvents for pesticide residue analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Residual concentrations in fresh jujube ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/kg for cyantraniliprole, including metabolites, ranged from 0.22 to 1.01 mg/kg for ethaboxam, ranged from 0.05 to 0.53 mg/kg for fludioxonil, and ranged from 0.16 to 2.26 mg/kg for metalaxyl. The biological half-lives for cyantraniliprole, ethaboxam, fludioxonil, and metalaxyl were 8.6, 10.7, 7.1, and 6.3 days, respectively. Based on residue data, the Pre Harvests Intervals (PHIs) were suggested as follows: cyantraniliprole, 2 times applications 7 days before harvest (DBH); ethaboxam, 3 times applications 14 DBH; fludioxonil, 2 times applications 21 DBH; metalaxyl, 3 times applications 7 DBH. The risk assessment based on the percentage of acceptable daily intake indicated that all pesticides were found to be at safe levels, each below 0.05%. These findings provide foundational data for the registration of the tested pesticides in jujube, contributing to pesticide safety and the establishment of effective pest management strategies in jujube cultivation.