p-ISSN 1225-3537e-ISSN 2233-4173
Yeonhee Lee, Gnu Nam, Hyesung Yeom, Bokyeong Kim, Changhyun Shin, Jae-Young Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 1-10
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the potential damage caused by a chemical accident through the analysis of off-site consequence (OCA) and the presence of ammonia residues in crops. The assessment of OCA was carried out for worst-case and alternative-case scenarios. To determine the ammonia residues in crops, samples were collected from both sweetpotato (SW) and wormwood (WW) crops in 9 separate groups within the affected area, and the ammonium levels were quantified using ion chromatography. As a result of the OCA, for the worst- and alternative-case scenarios, the impact distances were estimated at 1.6 km and 666 m from the accident site, respectively. In the impacted zone, SW samples exhibited ammonia concentrations ranging from 69.6 to 218.0 mg/kg, which were up to 16.9 times higher than those in the unaffected areas. Meanwhile, WW samples in both the worst- and alternative-case scenarios showed lower ammonia, with concentrations varying from 62.2 to 77.8 mg/kg and 49.0 to 67.8 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that the ammonium residue in crops outside the affected area is at least 49 mg/kg due to the inherent ammonium in plants, the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and various nitrogen sources. Thus, it may not be possible to predict the actual impact range accurately. However, the simultaneous assessment of OCA and the residue analysis offers valuable insights into the initial contamination levels of the accident-affected area.
Jae-Hyun Park, Gyu-Hyeon Park, Dong-Hoon Sagong / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 11-21
In grape nursery stock production, grafting success and nursery quality depend on the grafting materials, method, attention paid to grafting, grafting time, ambient conditions, and post-transplanting management. Recently, various grafting methods have been employed in grapevine propagation. This study aimed to determine the most effective grafting methods for producing high-quality grape nursery stock of ‘Campbell Early’/3309C. Grafting operations were conducted in early April using four grafting techniques, i.e., tongue grafting, veneer grafting, cleft grafting, and omega machine grafting. The data showed that the omega machine grafting was fast and yielded a high proportion of nursery stock for sale. Tongue grafting resulted in the highest grafting success, tree height, and percentage of nursery stock for sale and special grade nursery stock. The veneer grafting produced a high shoot diameter and a low percentage of low grade (unsaleable in Korea) nursery stock. The percentage of low-grade nursery stock and the expected yield of low-grade nursery trees were high in both tongue and cleft grafting. Based on the results from this study, the most effective grafting method of grape ‘Campbell Early’/3309C nursery stock in the nursery production company was the veneer grafting or omega machine grafting.
Jin-Ho Kim, Jong-Sik Lee, Kyu-Hyun Park, Chan-Wook Lee, Sung-Chang Hong, Min-Wook Kim, Hye-Min Lee / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 22-31
Short Lived Climate Forcers (SLCF) are substances with relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere. Recently, it has become an object of attention, because SLCF such as black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone (O3), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have a warming effect on climate, and some of them have detrimental impacts on human health and agriculture. In this study, it is necessary to provide basic data for establishing countermeasures in the agricultural sector against ozone, and the emission characteristics of ozone evaluated through various existing studies. As SLCF, the Radiative Forcing from increases in tropospheric ozone is estimated to be 0.35±0.15 Wm–2. Ozone damages photosynthesis, plant structure and function, as well as productivity. A common symptom of ozone injury is small stipple-like lesions on the leaf surface. Recently matured leaves are more susceptible than very young and old leaves. The optimum condition for ozone formation are high temperature and solar radiation, low relative humidity and wind speed. With these condition, early summer before the rainy season will be the worst time in Korea. It is important to understand the pollution level of ozone and various problems, which will be brought with climate change. It will be another element for agricultural management in the future.
Keon Sang Ryoo / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 32-51
The soil in north Gyeongsangbuk-do is mostly made up of sand, which lacks various essential minerals for growing crops, and also increases the pollution of the surrounding water when it rains. Therefore, the applicability of water pollution reduction and soil restoration was examined by using compost prepared by mixing MgO and mineral sources in a weight ratio of 1:2 with the existing Korean cattle compost. MgO used is a powder obtained by activating MgCO3 natural stone at 800℃ for 2 hours, and the mineral source was made by adding white soil to a sulfuric acid solution and heating it at 80℃ for 1 h and then recovering the sulfuric acid solution. After spraying the prepared compost on 20 farmland, water pollution and soil fertility were measured through analysis of water and soil items such as TOC, BOD, T-N, and T-C before and after spraying. When newly prepared compost was applied to the soil, the concentrations of TOC, BOD, T-N, and TP were reduced by 19.09%, 28.0%, 30.9%, and 27.5%, respectively, compared to commercial compost. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that newly prepared compost is better than commercial compost for the water pollution reduction effect and the inhibition of green algae generation. Through soil analysis, the levels of EC and effective phosphoric acid in the soil were lower in the newly prepared compost than in the commercial compost. It is expected that soil fertility can be increased by reducing the rate of nutrient loss caused by rainfall.
Jae-Hyun Park, Han-Gil Kim, Yong-Han Yoon, Jin-Hee Ju / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 52-60
This study focused on the effectiveness of companion planting applied to rooftop urban agriculture as a means to implement eco-friendly agricultural technology in cities. This study analyzed the effects of companion planting various aromatic plants, such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), marigold (Tagetes erecta), perilla (Perilla frutescens), and garlic chives (Allium tuberosum), with pepper (Capsicum annuum) as the main crop. This study was conducted on the rooftop of Konkuk University’s Global Campus in Chungju from May to August 2023. This study measured the effects of companion planting on soil temperature and moisture changes, plant growth and physiological characteristics, pest control effectiveness, and fruit productivity. As a result of examining the characteristics of the rooftop soil, it was found that a favorable soil environment was created for peppers to grow well in the experimental plots where peppers and garlic chives were planted together. In addition, as a result of investigating the growth and physiological characteristics of peppers, they grew best in the treatment plots where peppers and garlic chives were planted together. Traces of pest feeding were relatively lower in the experimental plots where garlic chives and perilla were co-planted than in rosemary and marigold. This suggests that these companion plants are more effective as trap plants for attracting leaf-feeding pests. Therefore, based on the overall results, companion planting of peppers and garlic chives in rooftop urban agriculture seems desirable for the growth, physiology, fruit productivity, and biological control of peppers.
Jae-Hyun Park, Dong-Hoon Sagong / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 61-71
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of indole butyric acid (IBA) alone and in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the rate of grafting take, rooting, sprouting, grafting success and yield of nursery stock for sale of grape ‘Heukboseok’ potted nursery stock that were cutting-grafted to various rootstocks. This experiment was composed three factors. 1st factor is eight types of rootstocks as 18808, Teleki 5C (5 C), Teleki 8B (8 B), Millardet et Grasset 101-14 (101-14), Couderc 3306 (3306 C), Couderc 3309 (3309 C), Selection Oppenheim 4 (SO 4), Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RG). 2nd factor is three levels of DMSO concentration as 0%, 5%, and 10%. 3rd factor is three levels of IBA concentration as 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/L. The grafting was performed in the end of March with the omega machine grafting. DMSO and IBA were applied through thirty seconds dip to the rootstock base. The data showed that the rate of grafting take, rooting, and sprouting were the highest in the 101-04, 3309 C, and 18808 rootstocks, respectively. The rate of grafting success was the highest in 18808 rootstock, and the rate of yield of potted nursery stock for sale of 18808 and 3309 C were higher than other rootstocks. The DMSO concentration was correlated to the rate of grafting take, sprouting and grafting success. However, the IBA concentration was not correlated to the rate of sprouting, grafting success and yield of potted nursery stock for sale. Based on the results from this study, the 3309 C rootstock had the highest graft compatibility with the ‘Heukboseok’, and the combination effect of DMSO and IBA were different by the rootstock.
Young-Sun Kim, Seung-Jae Lim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 72-81
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects on growth and turfgrass quality of perennial ryegrass in the sandy soil blended with bottom ash produced after combusting dry livestock manure (BAL). Treatments were designed as follows; No-fertilizer (NF, 100% sand), Control [3 N active ingredient (a.i.) g/m2, 100% sand], 3%BAL (3N a.i. g/m2, 3%BAL+97% sand), 5% BAL (3N a.i. g/m2, 5%BAL+95% sand), 7% BAL (3N a.i. g/m2, 7%BAL+93% sand) and 10% BAL (3N a.i. g/m2, 10%BAL+90% sand). Compared to NF and the control, BAL treatments increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphate (Av-P2O5), and exchangeable potassium (Ex-K). There were no significant differences in turf color index, chlorophyll content, shoot length, clipping yield, or shoot dry weight between BAL treatments and the control. However, root dry weight, P and K concentrations, and nutrient uptake were higher in the BAL treatments compared to the control. The BAL application rate was positively correlated with root growth and nutrient uptake (p≤0.05). These results indicated that the application of BAL as a soil amendment improved root growth and nutrient uptake by supplying phosphate and potassium in the sandy soil.
Hyun Ho Noh, Chang Jo Kim, So-Hee Kim, Seung-Hwa Yu, Younkoo Kang, Chun-Gu Lee, Sang-Hyeob Lee, Kee Sung Kyung / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 82-91
This study was carried out to measure droplet size and to predict drift distances using DRIFTSIM model under various nozzle and spraying pressure conditions. The XR nozzle produced approximately 50% of droplets small enough to drift significantly, with increased drift distances when the spraying height was reduced. The DG nozzle generated relatively larger droplets and exhibited shorter drift distances. The TP nozzle showed similar characteristics to the XR nozzle but had reduced drift distances when the height was lowered. The AI nozzle primarily produced larger droplets, making it the most effective in minimizing drift. This study confirms the impact of spraying pressure and height on droplet size and drift distance. The XR and TP nozzles generated a higher proportion of small droplets, increasing drift potential, while the AI nozzle was the most effective in reducing drift. The DG nozzle was identified as the most suitable nozzle, considering both drift reduction and crop surface adhesion efficiency. Therefore, adjusting spraying pressure and height can significantly minimize drift-related issues.
Tae-Young Lee, Tae-Wooung Kim, Young-Sun Kim / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 92-100
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of livestock manure liquid fertilizer such as aerobic liquid fertilizer (AF) and anaerobic liquid fertilizer (AAF) on the growth and productivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestis). Treatments were as follow; control, AF-1 (AF 1 L/m2), AF-2 (AF 2 L/m2), AF-3 (AF 4 L/m2), AAF-1 (AAF 1 L/m2), AAF-2 (AAF 2 L/m2), and AAF-3 (AAF 4 L/m2). The EC of commercial substrates in AF and AAF treatments were higher than that of the control. As applied AF and AAF in the lettuce and Chinese cabbage, growth factors like chlorophyll content, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight, and the nutrient availability of nutrient content and nutrient uptake increased than those of the control. The application amount of AF and AAF was correlated with growth factors and nutrient availability positively (p≤0.05) in both lettuce and Chinese cabbage. These results indicated that fertigation of AF and AAF was improved the growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage by promoting an uptake amount of nutrient.
Ji Hyeon Baek, Pyeong Ho Lee, Yeonjong Koo / Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture / 2024 / v.43, 101-108
Methane emissions in paddy soils occur through the decomposition of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria, including methanogenic bacteria, under anaerobic con-ditions maintained by waterlogged soil environments. These methanogenic bacteria produce methane via the acetoclastic pathway or the hydrogenotrophic pathway, making it challenging to determine the primary pathway for methane production. In this study, we supplied potassium acetate (KOAc) instead of additional hydrogen supplements to limit methane production through the hydrogenotrophic pathway, thereby analyzing the conversion of acetate to methane in paddy soils. We investigated the effect of acetate ions on methane production at various concentrations and confirmed methane production upon acetate addition. Furthermore, genetic cluster analysis revealed that Archaea clusters likely respond to acetate ions to produce methane. Soil reaction analysis based on regional soil characteristics revealed significant variations in methane production in response to acetate ions, indicating that methane production pathways in paddy soils may vary regionally.
